Emphysema causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Emphysema''' is a long-term, progressive disease of the [[lung|lungs]] that primarily causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the [[tissue|tissues]] necessary to support the physical shape and function of the lungs are destroyed. It is included in a group of diseases called [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] or COPD (pulmonary refers to the lungs). Emphysema is called an obstructive lung disease because the destruction of lung tissue around smaller sacs, called [[alveoli]], makes these air sacs unable to hold their functional shape upon [[exhalation]]. Emphysema is most often caused by [[tobacco]] [[smoking]] and long-term exposure to [[air pollution]].
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
The majority of all emphysema cases are caused by [[Health effects of tobacco|smoking tobacco]]. Emphysema cases that are caused by other [[etiology|etiologies]] are referred to as ''secondary'' emphysema. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}


In rare cases, emphysema develops due to a [[gene|genetic]] [[mutation]] that leads to [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]]. Severe cases of A1AD may also develop [[cirrhosis]] of the [[liver]], where the accumulated A1AT leads to a [[fibrosis|fibrotic]] reaction that produces scarring and dysfunction; longstanding cirrosis may eventually produce liver [[cancer]] ([[hepatocellular carcinoma]].
The most common cause is cigarette smoking.
 
===Causes by Organ System===


Some types of emphysema occur as a normal part of aging, and are particularly common found in the oldest old (85 years of age and older). At about 20 years of age, [[Homo sapiens|humans]] stop developing new alveolar tissue.  In the years following the cessation of development of new alveoli, lung tissue starts to deteriorate (on a "net" basis) at a relatively slow rate.  This deterioration of lung capacity and function is a normal and natural part of aging in healthy people. As alveoli die, the number of lung [[capillaries]] decrease, and the [[elastin]] of the lungs begins to break down, causing a loss of pulmonary elasticity. As people age, they also tend to lose strength and mass in their chest muscles, which weaken. [[Bone|bones]] and [[cartilage]] start to deteriorate, and posture changes. Together, all of these age-related changes in [[respiratory system]] structures can cause or contribute to the development of emphysema.  Though not all elderly people will develop clinically evident emphysema, they are all at risk of decreasing respiratory function, which limits maximum performance and produces discomfort at higher levels of exertion.


Anything that causes the body to be unable to inhibit [[proteolytic enzymes]] occurring naturally in the lung can cause, or contribute to, the development of emphysema. This could include exposure to air pollution, second-hand smoke, and/or other chemicals and toxins. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}


{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Thalidomide]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Genetic disorders]]
[[Category:Rare diseases]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
 
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
{{WH}}
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 20:55, 10 December 2014

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

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Overview

Causes

The most common cause is cigarette smoking.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Thalidomide
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

References

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