Differentiating Alzheimer's disease from other diseases

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]

Overview

Alzheimer's disease must be differentiated from other causes of dementia which may share common characteristics of cognitive impairment. The differentials include, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and frontotemporal dementia.

Differentiating Alzheimer's Disease from other Diseases

Alzheimer's disease may be differentiated from other causes of dementia which may share common characteristics of cognitive impairment. The following table outlines the common differentials:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Cause of dementia Clinical features Associated features Nature of progression Histopathological findings
Cognitive impairment
Recall Recollection Cue requirement for recall Infirngement of thoughts Semantic memory Procedural memory Working memory Awareness Attention Executive functioning issues Visuo-spatial skills
Alzheimer's disease +++

(Slow cognitive and functional decline with early loss of awareness)

+++ Not helpful +++ ++ - ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ Has the following clinical stages:
Lewy body dementia ++ - Helpful +++ + + +++ + +++ +++ +++
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration +/- - Helpful +++ + - +++ +++ ++ +++ -
  • Onset in young age
Vascular dementia + (Dysexecutive syndrome) - Helpful + + + ++ - ++ +++ +

References

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  2. Murayama S (2008). "[Neuropathology of frontotemporal dementia]". Rinsho Shinkeigaku (in Japanese). 48 (11): 998. PMID 19198143.
  3. Hodges JR, Patterson K (1996). "Nonfluent progressive aphasia and semantic dementia: a comparative neuropsychological study". J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2 (6): 511–24. PMID 9375155.
  4. Hodges JR, Patterson K, Oxbury S, Funnell E (1992). "Semantic dementia. Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy". Brain. 115 ( Pt 6): 1783–806. PMID 1486461.
  5. "Dementia, Globalization and Contemporary Art".
  6. Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ (1988). "Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases". Ann. Neurol. 24 (2): 214–7. doi:10.1002/ana.410240207. PMID 3178177.
  7. Weintraub S, Wicklund AH, Salmon DP (2012). "The neuropsychological profile of Alzheimer disease". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2 (4): a006171. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006171. PMC 3312395. PMID 22474609.
  8. Goldman JG, Williams-Gray C, Barker RA, Duda JE, Galvin JE (2014). "The spectrum of cognitive impairment in Lewy body diseases". Mov. Disord. 29 (5): 608–21. doi:10.1002/mds.25866. PMC 4126402. PMID 24757110.
  9. Metzler-Baddeley C (2007). "A review of cognitive impairments in dementia with Lewy bodies relative to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia". Cortex. 43 (5): 583–600. PMID 17715794.
  10. Uversky VN (2008). "Alpha-synuclein misfolding and neurodegenerative diseases". Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 9 (5): 507–40. PMID 18855701.
  11. Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Bienias JL, Arnold SE (2004). "Neurofibrillary tangles mediate the association of amyloid load with clinical Alzheimer disease and level of cognitive function". Arch. Neurol. 61 (3): 378–84. doi:10.1001/archneur.61.3.378. PMID 15023815.
  12. Brion JP (1998). "Neurofibrillary tangles and Alzheimer's disease". Eur. Neurol. 40 (3): 130–40. PMID 9748670.
  13. Lee JS, Jung NY, Jang YK, Kim HJ, Seo SW, Lee J, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Kim BC, Park KW, Yoon SJ, Jeong JH, Kim SY, Kim SH, Kim EJ, Park KC, Knopman DS, Na DL (2017). "Prognosis of Patients with Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Who have Focal Versus Diffuse Frontal Atrophy". J Clin Neurol. 13 (3): 234–242. doi:10.3988/jcn.2017.13.3.234. PMC 5532319. PMID 28748674.
  14. Pao WC, Dickson DW, Crook JE, Finch NA, Rademakers R, Graff-Radford NR (2011). "Hippocampal sclerosis in the elderly: genetic and pathologic findings, some mimicking Alzheimer disease clinically". Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 25 (4): 364–8. doi:10.1097/WAD.0b013e31820f8f50. PMC 3107353. PMID 21346515.
  15. Tsolaki M, Kokarida K, Iakovidou V, Stilopoulos E, Meimaris J, Kazis A (2001). "Extrapyramidal symptoms and signs in Alzheimer's disease: prevalence and correlation with the first symptom". Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 16 (5): 268–78. doi:10.1177/153331750101600512. PMID 11603162.
  16. McGuinness B, Barrett SL, Craig D, Lawson J, Passmore AP (2010). "Executive functioning in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia". Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 25 (6): 562–8. doi:10.1002/gps.2375. PMID 19810010.

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