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__NOTOC__
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{{SI}}                                                                 
{{Diaphragmatic paralysis}}                                                                 
{{CMG}} {{AE}} Your Name
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{MA}}
   
   
{{SK}} Synonym 1; Synonym 2; Synonym 3
{{SK}}Phrenic palsy, Diaphragmatic palsy, Phrenic paralysis, Diaphragmatic paresis. 
   
 
==Overview==
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis overview|Overview]]==
Most patients with unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis are asymptomatic and do not require treatment
 
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
 
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis classification|Classification]]==
 
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
 
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis causes|Causes]]==
 
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis  differential diagnosis|Differentiating Diaphragmatic paralysis from Other Diseases]]==
 
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
 
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis  risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
 
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis  screening|Screening]]==
 
==[[Diaphragmatic paralysis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


==Historical Perspective==
==Diagnosis==
*[Disease name] was first discovered by [scientist name], a [nationality + occupation], in [year] during/following [event].
[[Diaphragmatic paralysis diagnostic study of choice|Diagnostic study of choice]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis  physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis x ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis echocardiography and ultrasound|Echocardiography and Ultrasound]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[ Diaphragmatic paralysis MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis  other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[ Diaphragmatic paralysis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
*In [year], [gene] mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
*In [year], the first [discovery] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
==Classification==
*[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
:*[group1]
:*[group2]
:*[group3]
*Other variants of [disease name] include [disease subtype 1], [disease subtype 2], and [disease subtype 3].
   
==Pathophysiology==
* Diaphrgm is one of the most inspiratory muscle. <ref name="pmid7050712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roussos C, Macklem PT |title=The respiratory muscles |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=307 |issue=13 |pages=786–97 |year=1982 |pmid=7050712 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198209233071304 |url=}}</ref>


*The pathogenesis of [disease name] is characterized by [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3].
==Treatment==
*The [gene name] gene/Mutation in [gene name] has been associated with the development of [disease name], involving the [molecular pathway] pathway.
[[Diaphragmatic paralysis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[ Diaphragmatic paralysis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Diaphragmatic paralysis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
*On gross pathology, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
*On microscopic histopathological analysis, [feature1], [feature2], and [feature3] are characteristic findings of [disease name].
==Causes==
* [Disease name] may be caused by either [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
* [Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene1], [gene2], or [gene3] gene[s].
* There are no established causes for [disease name].
   
==Differentiating [disease name] from other Diseases==
*[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as:
:*[Differential dx1]
:*[Differential dx2]
:*[Differential dx3]
   
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
* The prevalence of [disease name] is approximately [number or range] per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
* In [year], the incidence of [disease name] was estimated to be [number or range] cases per 100,000 individuals in [location].
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
*[Disease name] is more commonly observed among patients aged [age range] years old.
*[Disease name] is more commonly observed among [elderly patients/young patients/children].
===Gender===
*[Disease name] affects men and women equally.
   
*[Gender 1] are more commonly affected with [disease name] than [gender 2].
* The [gender 1] to [Gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.
===Race===
*There is no racial predilection for [disease name].
*[Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race.
*[Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].
==Risk Factors==
*Common risk factors in the development of [disease name] are [risk factor 1], [risk factor 2], [risk factor 3], and [risk factor 4].
   
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
*The majority of patients with [disease name] remain asymptomatic for [duration/years].
*Early clinical features include [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
*If left untreated, [#%] of patients with [disease name] may progress to develop [manifestation 1], [manifestation 2], and [manifestation 3].
*Common complications of [disease name] include [complication 1], [complication 2], and [complication 3].
*Prognosis is generally [excellent/good/poor], and the [1/5/10­year mortality/survival rate] of patients with [disease name] is approximately [#%].
== Diagnosis ==
===Diagnostic Criteria===
*The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met:
:*[criterion 1]
:*[criterion 2]
:*[criterion 3]
:*[criterion 4]
=== Symptoms ===
*[Disease name] is usually asymptomatic.
*Symptoms of [disease name] may include the following:
:*[symptom 1]
:*[symptom 2]
:*[symptom 3]
:*[symptom 4]
:*[symptom 5]
:*[symptom 6]
=== Physical Examination ===
*Patients with [disease name] usually appear [general appearance].
*Physical examination may be remarkable for:
:*[finding 1]
:*[finding 2]
:*[finding 3]
:*[finding 4]
:*[finding 5]
:*[finding 6]
=== Laboratory Findings ===
*There are no specific laboratory findings associated with [disease name].


*A  [positive/negative] [test name] is diagnostic of [disease name].
==Case Studies==
*An [elevated/reduced] concentration of [serum/blood/urinary/CSF/other] [lab test] is diagnostic of [disease name].
[[Diaphragmatic paralysis case study one|Case #1]]
*Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of [disease name] include [abnormal test 1], [abnormal test 2], and [abnormal test 3].
===Imaging Findings===
*There are no [imaging study] findings associated with [disease name].
   
*[Imaging study 1] is the imaging modality of choice for [disease name].
*On [imaging study 1], [disease name] is characterized by [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
*[Imaging study 2] may demonstrate [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
*[Disease name] may also be diagnosed using [diagnostic study name].
*Findings on [diagnostic study name] include [finding 1], [finding 2], and [finding 3].
== Treatment ==
=== Medical Therapy ===
*There is no treatment for [disease name]; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
*The mainstay of therapy for [disease name] is [medical therapy 1] and [medical therapy 2].
*[Medical therapy 1] acts by [mechanism of action 1].
*Response to [medical therapy 1] can be monitored with [test/physical finding/imaging] every [frequency/duration].
=== Surgery ===
*Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for [disease name].
*[Surgical procedure] in conjunction with [chemotherapy/radiation] is the most common approach to the treatment of [disease name].
*[Surgical procedure] can only be performed for patients with [disease stage] [disease name].
=== Prevention ===
*There are no primary preventive measures available for [disease name].
*Effective measures for the primary prevention of [disease name] include [measure1], [measure2], and [measure3].


*Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with [disease name] are followed-up every [duration]. Follow-up testing includes [test 1], [test 2], and [test 3].
[[Category: (name of the system)]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Latest revision as of 15:53, 1 March 2018

Diaphragmatic Paralysis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Diaphragmatic Paralysis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Guidelines for Management

Case Studies

Case #1

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Diaphragmatic paralysis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahda Alihashemi M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords:Phrenic palsy, Diaphragmatic palsy, Phrenic paralysis, Diaphragmatic paresis.

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Diaphragmatic paralysis from Other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic study of choice | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | X-Ray Findings | Echocardiography and Ultrasound | CT-Scan Findings | MRI Findings | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1