Diabetes mellitus type 1 risk factors: Difference between revisions
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* Psychological stress | * Psychological stress | ||
* Low vitamin D levels | * Low vitamin D levels | ||
*[[SARS-CoV-2]] (a subtype of [[coronavirus]] that causes [[COVID-19|coronavirus disease 2019]]) | |||
**Possible [[Beta cell|β cell]] damage caused by [[SARS-CoV-2]] can cause to [[insulin]] deficiency. | |||
**Some patients with [[COVID-19]] have been presented with [[diabetic ketoacidosis]] (DKA).<ref name="pmid32334646">{{cite journal| author=Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, Mingrone G, Hopkins D, Birkenfeld AL | display-authors=etal| title=Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19. | journal=Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol | year= 2020 | volume= 8 | issue= 6 | pages= 546-550 | pmid=32334646 | doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30152-2 | pmc=7180013 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=32334646 }}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Risk factors for type 1 DM include family history, genetics, geography, congential rubella infection, maternal entero-viral infection, cesarean infection, higher birth weight, older maternal age, low maternal intake of vegetables, enteroviral infection, frequent respiratory or enteric infections, early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk, infant weight gain, persistent or recurrent entero-viral infections, overweight or increased height velocity, high glycemic load, fructose intake, dietary nitrates or nitrosamines, puberty, psychological stress and low vitamin D levels.
Risk Factors
Risk factors for type 1 DM include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]
- Family history: risk of developing type 1 DM in close relatives of a patient with type 1 DM
- Genetics: The presence of certain genes assoicated with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
- Geography: Risk increases with increase in distance from equator
- Congenital rubella infection
- Maternal entero-viral infection
- Cesarean section
- Higher birth weight
- Older maternal age
- Low maternal intake of vegetables
- Enteroviral infection
- Frequent respiratory or enteric infections
- Abnormal microbiome
- Early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk
- Infant weight gain
- Serious life events
- Persistent or recurrent entero-viral infections
- Overweight or increased height velocity
- High glycemic load, fructose intake
- Dietary nitrates or nitrosamines
- Puberty
- Steroid treatment
- Insulin resistance
- Psychological stress
- Low vitamin D levels
- SARS-CoV-2 (a subtype of coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019)
- Possible β cell damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 can cause to insulin deficiency.
- Some patients with COVID-19 have been presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).[14]
References
- ↑ Redondo MJ, Yu L, Hawa M, et al. Late progression to type 1 diabetes of discordant twins of patients with type 1 diabetes: Combined analysis of two twin series (United States and United Kingdom). Diabetes 1999; 48:780.
- ↑ Dahlquist GG, Patterson C, Soltesz G. Perinatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999; 22:1698.
- ↑ Dahlquist GG, Pundziūte-Lyckå A, Nyström L, et al. Birthweight and risk of type 1 diabetes in children and young adults: a population-based register study. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1114.
- ↑ Stene LC, Joner G, Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Study Group. Use of cod liver oil during the first year of life is associated with lower risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a large, population-based, case-control study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:1128.
- ↑ Yoon JW, Austin M, Onodera T, Notkins AL. Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 1979; 300:1173.
- ↑ Dotta F, Censini S, van Halteren AG, et al. Coxsackie B4 virus infection of beta cells and natural killer cell insulitis in recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5115.
- ↑ Menser MA, Forrest JM, Bransby RD. Rubella infection and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1978; 1:57.
- ↑ Hyöty H, Taylor KW. The role of viruses in human diabetes. Diabetologia 2002; 45:1353.
- ↑ Hummel M, Füchtenbusch M, Schenker M, Ziegler AG. No major association of breast-feeding, vaccinations, and childhood viral diseases with early islet autoimmunity in the German BABYDIAB Study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:969.
- ↑ Cainelli F, Manzaroli D, Renzini C, et al. Coxsackie B virus-induced autoimmunity to GAD does not lead to type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23:1021.
- ↑ Elliott RB, Harris DP, Hill JP, et al. Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and cow milk: casein variant consumption. Diabetologia 1999; 42:292.
- ↑ Norris JM, Barriga K, Klingensmith G, et al. Timing of initial cereal exposure in infancy and risk of islet autoimmunity. JAMA 2003; 290:1713.
- ↑ Parslow RC, McKinney PA, Law GR, et al. Incidence of childhood diabetes mellitus in Yorkshire, northern England, is associated with nitrate in drinking water: an ecological analysis. Diabetologia 1997; 40:550.
- ↑ Bornstein SR, Rubino F, Khunti K, Mingrone G, Hopkins D, Birkenfeld AL; et al. (2020). "Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19". Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8 (6): 546–550. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30152-2. PMC 7180013 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32334646 Check|pmid=value (help).