Deep vein thrombosis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 20:07, 30 May 2014
Editor(s)-In-Chief: The APEX Trial Investigators, C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Kashish Goel, M.D.; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Justine Cadet
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Overview
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) consists of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or both. The risk factors for VTE are a constellation of predisposing conditions which stem from the three principles of Virchow's triad: stasis of the blood flow, damage to the vascular endothelial cells, and hypercoagulability. The risk factors for VTE can be classified as temporary, modifiable and non-modifiable. It is suggested that venous thrombosis also shares risk factors with artery thrombosis, such as obesity, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes mellitus.[1]
Risk Factors
Shown below is a list of predisposing factors to VTE.[2][3] The risk factors are classified as strong, moderate and weak depending on how strongly they predispose for a VTE.
| Strong risk factors | Moderate risk factors | Weak risk factors |
| ❑ Bone fracture (hip or leg) ❑ Hip replacement surgery |
❑ Athroscopic knee surgery ❑ Central venous lines |
❑ Bed rest for more than 3 days ❑ Prolonged car or air travel |
The risk factors of VTE can be further classified into modifiable, non-modifiable and temporary.
Modifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable risk factors are reversible based upon lifestyle/behavior modification.
- Smoking:[4] Smoking significantly increases the risk of DVT, particularly in women who are taking oral contraceptive pills as well as among obese people.
- Use of oral contraceptives[7]
- Prolonged travel: Travel by air increases the risk to the same extent as travel by bus, train or car, suggesting that the increased risk of air travel is due primarily to prolonged immobility.[8]
- Hyperhomocysteinemia:[9] Hyperhomocysteinemia can be reduced with vitamin B supplementation.
Non-Modifiable Risk Factors
- Advanced age
- Heart failure
- Thrombophilia or hypercoagulable state
- Factor V Leiden
- Prothrombin G20210A mutation
- Protein C deficiency
- Protein S deficiency
- Antithrombin deficiency
- Activated protein C resistance
- Antithrombin III deficiency
- Factor VIII mutation
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Heparin induced thrombocytopenia
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
- Polycythemia vera
Temporary Risk Factors
- Injury to a deep vein from surgery, a fracture, or other trauma, especially a paralytic spinal cord injury[2]
- Prolonged immobilization that causes stasis in the deep veins which may occur after surgery, with prolonged bedrest, or prolonged seating during travel
- Pregnancy and the peri-partum period
- Active cancer
- Central venous catheter
Other Risk Factors
References
- ↑ Goldhaber SZ (2010). "Risk factors for venous thromboembolism". J Am Coll Cardiol. 56 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.057. PMID 20620709.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Anderson FA, Spencer FA (2003). "Risk factors for venous thromboembolism". Circulation. 107 (23 Suppl 1): I9–16. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000078469.07362.E6. PMID 12814980.
- ↑ Torbicki A, Perrier A, Konstantinides S, Agnelli G, Galiè N, Pruszczyk P; et al. (2008). "Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pulmonary Embolism of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)". Eur Heart J. 29 (18): 2276–315. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn310. PMID 18757870.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Holst AG, Jensen G, Prescott E (2010). "Risk factors for venous thromboembolism: results from the Copenhagen City Heart Study". Circulation. 121 (17): 1896–903. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.921460. PMID 20404252.
- ↑ Vayá A, Martínez-Triguero ML, España F, Todolí JA, Bonet E, Corella D (2011). "The metabolic syndrome and its individual components: its association with venous thromboembolism in a Mediterranean population". Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 9 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1089/met.2010.0117. PMID 21352080.
- ↑ Eichinger S, Hron G, Bialonczyk C, Hirschl M, Minar E, Wagner O; et al. (2008). "Overweight, obesity, and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism". Arch Intern Med. 168 (15): 1678–83. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.15.1678. PMID 18695082.
- ↑ Pomp ER, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ (2008). "Smoking increases the risk of venous thrombosis and acts synergistically with oral contraceptive use". Am J Hematol. 83 (2): 97–102. doi:10.1002/ajh.21059. PMID 17726684.
- ↑ http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-2-the-pre-travel-consultation/deep-vein-thrombosis-and-pulmonary-embolism.htm
- ↑ den Heijer M, Koster T, Blom HJ, Bos GM, Briet E, Reitsma PH; et al. (1996). "Hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for deep-vein thrombosis". N Engl J Med. 334 (12): 759–62. doi:10.1056/NEJM199603213341203. PMID 8592549.