Deep vein thrombosis epidemiology and demographics
Editor(s)-In-Chief: The APEX Trial Investigators, C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS [3]; Kashish Goel, M.D.; Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Justine Cadet
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Overview
In the United States, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is highly prevalent accounting for approximately 100,000 deaths each year. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis is estimated to be 100 cases per 100,000 persons per year.
Approximately, 350,000 to 600,000 new cases of venous thromboembolism are diagnosed every year in US, out of which two-thirds are due to deep vein thrombosis. Mortality and complications after being diagnosed with DVT are high with one-third of patients developing post-thrombotic syndrome and another 30% having recurrent DVT within 10 years.
Prevalence by Age
The incidence and prevalence of DVT increases with age, ranging from 1 case per 100,000 people in childhood to 500 cases per 100,000 people in the elderly[1]. Age greater than 45 is significantly associated with increased incidence of DVT.[2] The reasons for low prevalence in children are:
- A higher heart rate.
- Relatively active lifestyle when compared with adults
- Fewer comorbidities (e.g. malignancy).
Prevalence by Gender
Overall, there is minimal difference in the incidence of DVT among males and females.
A higher incidence of DVT has been observed in young[3] and older females[4] in few epidemiological studies. Others have shown higher incidence in men.
Males gender is associated with a higher risk than female gender, and the risk increases with age in both genders. On the other hand, Cushman et al reported that the incidence of DVT was slightly higher in men.[2]
Prevalence by Race
There is a significant difference in the incidence of DVT based on race. African Americans are noted to have the highest incidence of DVT followed by Caucasians, whereas the it is 2-4 times lower in Hispanics and Asian-Pacific islanders.[1] Observed ethnic differences in thrombosis incidence might be related to a lower prevalence of disorders like factor V Leiden or the prothrombin 20210A mutation in non-Caucasians.[5][6]
Recurrent DVT]]
The risk of recurrence in patients diagnosed with first-time DVT is estimated to be around 7-10% in the first year[2] and increased up to 30% after 10 years[7], according to the published studies. The increase in incidence in recent years may be due to better diagnostic modalities and increased suspicion of clinicians.[1].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 White RH (2003). "The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism". Circulation. 107 (23 Suppl 1): I4–8. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000078468.11849.66. PMID 12814979. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Cushman M, Tsai AW, White RH, Heckbert SR, Rosamond WD, Enright P; et al. (2004). "Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in two cohorts: the longitudinal investigation of thromboembolism etiology". Am J Med. 117 (1): 19–25. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.01.018. PMID 15210384.
- ↑ Silverstein MD, Heit JA, Mohr DN, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ (1998). "Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study". Arch. Intern. Med. 158 (6): 585–93. PMID 9521222. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Kniffin WD, Baron JA, Barrett J, Birkmeyer JD, Anderson FA (1994). "The epidemiology of diagnosed pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis in the elderly". Arch. Intern. Med. 154 (8): 861–6. PMID 8154949. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Ridker PM, Miletich JP, Hennekens CH, Buring JE (1997). "Ethnic distribution of factor V Leiden in 4047 men and women. Implications for venous thromboembolism screening". JAMA. 277 (16): 1305–7. PMID 9109469.
- ↑ Gregg JP, Yamane AJ, Grody WW (1997). "Prevalence of the factor V-Leiden mutation in four distinct American ethnic populations". Am J Med Genet. 73 (3): 334–6. PMID 9415695.
- ↑ Heit JA, Mohr DN, Silverstein MD, Petterson TM, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ (2000). "Predictors of recurrence after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based cohort study". Arch. Intern. Med. 160 (6): 761–8. PMID 10737275. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)