Cyclosporiasis natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
Some people with Cyclospora infection have no manifestations of the disease, particularly those who live in areas where the disease is endemic. For those who develop symptoms, following the ingestion of sporulated [[oocysts]] of ''[[C. cayetanensis]]'', the typical [[incubation period]] is about 7 days.<ref name="pmid9605784">{{cite journal| author=Fleming CA, Caron D, Gunn JE, Barry MA| title=A foodborne outbreak of Cyclospora cayetanensis at a wedding: clinical features and risk factors for illness. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1998 | volume= 158 | issue= 10 | pages= 1121-5 | pmid=9605784 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9605784 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9164810">{{cite journal| author=Herwaldt BL, Ackers ML| title=An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. The Cyclospora Working Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 336 | issue= 22 | pages= 1548-56 | pmid=9164810 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199705293362202 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9164810 }} </ref> Cyclosporiasis commonly presents with the following symptoms:<ref name="pmid10451156">{{cite journal| author=Connor BA, Reidy J, Soave R| title=Cyclosporiasis: clinical and histopathologic correlates. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 28 | issue= 6 | pages= 1216-22 | pmid=10451156 | doi=10.1086/514780 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10451156 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9605784">{{cite journal| author=Fleming CA, Caron D, Gunn JE, Barry MA| title=A foodborne outbreak of Cyclospora cayetanensis at a wedding: clinical features and risk factors for illness. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1998 | volume= 158 | issue= 10 | pages= 1121-5 | pmid=9605784 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9605784 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9164810">{{cite journal| author=Herwaldt BL, Ackers ML| title=An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. The Cyclospora Working Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1997 | volume= 336 | issue= 22 | pages= 1548-56 | pmid=9164810 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199705293362202 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9164810 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9395371">{{cite journal| author=Ortega YR, Nagle R, Gilman RH, Watanabe J, Miyagui J, Quispe H et al.| title=Pathologic and clinical findings in patients with cyclosporiasis and a description of intracellular parasite life-cycle stages. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 176 | issue= 6 | pages= 1584-9 | pmid=9395371 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9395371 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1928575">{{cite journal| author=Shlim DR, Cohen MT, Eaton M, Rajah R, Long EG, Ungar BL| title=An alga-like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal. | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year= 1991 | volume= 45 | issue= 3 | pages= 383-9 | pmid=1928575 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1928575 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Anorexia]] | *[[Anorexia]] | ||
*[[Nausea]] | *[[Nausea]] | ||
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Without treatment, patients with cyclosporiasis may have symptoms for several weeks to several months. Some of these symptoms, such as [[diarrhea]], can return, and others, such as [[muscle aches]] and [[fatigue]], may continue after the gastrointestinal manifestations have gone away. | Without treatment, patients with cyclosporiasis may have symptoms for several weeks to several months. Some of these symptoms, such as [[diarrhea]], can return, and others, such as [[muscle aches]] and [[fatigue]], may continue after the gastrointestinal manifestations have gone away. | ||
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==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
* Reported complications from Cyclospora infection are rare, but have included [[malabsorption]] and [[cholecystitis]]. | |||
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Biliary disease has also been reported after Cyclospora in- fections (50, 172). Acalculous cholecystitis was reported for HIV-positive and AIDS patients (172, 196) and resolved after initiation of treatment. These patients presented with right upper quadrant abdominal pain and elevated alkaline phos- phatase levels (171). | Biliary disease has also been reported after Cyclospora in- fections (50, 172). Acalculous cholecystitis was reported for HIV-positive and AIDS patients (172, 196) and resolved after initiation of treatment. These patients presented with right upper quadrant abdominal pain and elevated alkaline phos- phatase levels (171). | ||
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==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
* Infection is not usually life-threatening. | |||
==References == | ==References == | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The symptoms usually start within one week of ingestion of contaminated food and water. If left untreated, symptoms may persist for weeks and months. This infection is not life threatening and is rarely associated with complications. People living in endemic area might have asymptomatic infections.
Natural History
Some people with Cyclospora infection have no manifestations of the disease, particularly those who live in areas where the disease is endemic. For those who develop symptoms, following the ingestion of sporulated oocysts of C. cayetanensis, the typical incubation period is about 7 days.[1][2] Cyclosporiasis commonly presents with the following symptoms:[3][1][2][4][5]
Without treatment, patients with cyclosporiasis may have symptoms for several weeks to several months. Some of these symptoms, such as diarrhea, can return, and others, such as muscle aches and fatigue, may continue after the gastrointestinal manifestations have gone away.
Complications
- Reported complications from Cyclospora infection are rare, but have included malabsorption and cholecystitis.
Prognosis
- Infection is not usually life-threatening.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fleming CA, Caron D, Gunn JE, Barry MA (1998). "A foodborne outbreak of Cyclospora cayetanensis at a wedding: clinical features and risk factors for illness". Arch Intern Med. 158 (10): 1121–5. PMID 9605784.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Herwaldt BL, Ackers ML (1997). "An outbreak in 1996 of cyclosporiasis associated with imported raspberries. The Cyclospora Working Group". N Engl J Med. 336 (22): 1548–56. doi:10.1056/NEJM199705293362202. PMID 9164810.
- ↑ Connor BA, Reidy J, Soave R (1999). "Cyclosporiasis: clinical and histopathologic correlates". Clin Infect Dis. 28 (6): 1216–22. doi:10.1086/514780. PMID 10451156.
- ↑ Ortega YR, Nagle R, Gilman RH, Watanabe J, Miyagui J, Quispe H; et al. (1997). "Pathologic and clinical findings in patients with cyclosporiasis and a description of intracellular parasite life-cycle stages". J Infect Dis. 176 (6): 1584–9. PMID 9395371.
- ↑ Shlim DR, Cohen MT, Eaton M, Rajah R, Long EG, Ungar BL (1991). "An alga-like organism associated with an outbreak of prolonged diarrhea among foreigners in Nepal". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 45 (3): 383–9. PMID 1928575.