Congestive heart failure vasodilators: Difference between revisions

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| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link= Congestive heart failure resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
| [[Acute decompensated heart failure resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
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| [[File:Critical_Pathways.gif|88px|link= Congestive heart failure critical pathways]]|| <br> || <br>
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{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{Congestive heart failure}}
{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}} {{EdzelCo}}


{{CMG}}; {{AOEIC}} {{LG}}
==Overview==
[[Nitrates]] reduce both [[preload]] and [[afterload]] in the setting of [[congestive heart failure]] and thereby relieve [[symptoms]].


==Overview==
==Vasodialators==
* A nitrate may be added to [[ACE inhibitor]]s to relieve symptoms of [[pulmonary edema]]
===Background===
* A [[nitrate]] may be added to [[ACE inhibitor]]s to relieve [[symptoms]] of [[pulmonary edema]]
* The addition of a [[nitrate]] to an [[ACE inhibitor]] may improve [[exercised tolerance]].
* The addition of a [[nitrate]] to an [[ACE inhibitor]] may improve [[exercised tolerance]].
* The combination of [[hydralazine]] and [[nitrates]] is useful in patients with advanced heart failure<ref name="pmid15533851">{{cite journal |author=Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D'Agostino R, Ferdinand K, Taylor M, Adams K, Sabolinski M, Worcel M, Cohn JN |title=Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=351 |issue=20 |pages=2049–57 |year=2004 |month=November |pmid=15533851 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042934 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042934 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> and in particularly, when [[ACE inhibitor]]s are not well tolerated.
* The combination of [[hydralazine]] and [[nitrates]] is useful in [[patients]] with advanced [[heart failure]].<ref name="pmid15533851">{{cite journal |author=Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D'Agostino R, Ferdinand K, Taylor M, Adams K, Sabolinski M, Worcel M, Cohn JN |title=Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=351 |issue=20 |pages=2049–57 |year=2004 |month=November |pmid=15533851 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042934 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042934 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> and in particularly, when [[ACE inhibitor]]s are not well tolerated.
* [[Hydralazine]] by itself is only an arterial vasodilator and does not reduce left ventricular filling pressures to the same extent as nitrates and [[ACE inhibitor]]s do. In fact when used alone it can stimulate sympathetic tone reflexively.  The combination of hydralazine and nitrates has been shown to decrease mortality as well as improve the left ventricular ejection fraction and exercise capacity in patients with [[heart failure]]. However the combination of [[hydralazine]] and [[nitrate]]s has been found to be less effective than [[ACE inhibitor]]s.
* [[Hydralazine]] by itself is only an [[arterial]] [[vasodilator]] and does not reduce [[left ventricular filling pressures]] to the same extent as [[nitrates]] and [[ACE inhibitor]]s do. In fact, when used alone it can stimulate [[sympathetic tone]] reflexively.  The combination of [[hydralazine]] and [[nitrates]] has been shown to decrease [[mortality]] as well as improve the left ventricular ejection fraction and exercise capacity in patients with [[heart failure]]. However, the combination of [[hydralazine]] and [[nitrate]]s have been found to be less effective than [[ACE inhibitor]]s.
* The major of use of this combination is in those patients who are intolerant of [[ACE inhibitor]]s.
* The primary use of this combination is in those [[patients]] who are intolerant of [[ACE inhibitor]]s.
 
== 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid35363500">{{cite journal| author=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM | display-authors=etal| title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. | journal=Circulation | year= 2022 | volume= 145 | issue= 18 | pages= e876-e894 | pmid=35363500 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=35363500  }} </ref>==
 
===[[Hydralazine]] and [[Isosorbide Dinitrate]]===
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
 
|-
|bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' For [[patients]] self-identified as African American with [[NYHA]] class III-IV [[HFrEF]] who are receiving optimal [[medical therapy]], the combination of [[hydralazine]] and [[isosorbide dinitrate]] is recommended to improve [[symptoms]] and reduce [[morbidity]] and [[mortality]]. <ref name="pmid10496190">{{cite journal| author=Carson P, Ziesche S, Johnson G, Cohn JN| title=Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial Study Group. | journal=J Card Fail | year= 1999 | volume= 5 | issue= 3 | pages= 178-87 | pmid=10496190 | doi=10.1016/s1071-9164(99)90001-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10496190  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15533851">{{cite journal| author=Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D'Agostino R, Ferdinand K | display-authors=etal| title=Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2004 | volume= 351 | issue= 20 | pages= 2049-57 | pmid=15533851 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042934 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15533851  }}  [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=&cmd=prlinks&id=15739984 Review in: ACP J Club. 2005 Mar-Apr;142(2):37] </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:White"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Value Statement: High Value]]
 
|-
|bgcolor="White"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' For [[patients]] self-identified as African American with [[NYHA]] class III to IV [[HFrEF]] who are receiving optimal [[medical therapy]] with [[ACEi]] or [[ARB]], [[beta blockers]], and [[MRA]], the combination of [[hydralazine]] and [[isosorbide dinitrate]] provides high economic value.<ref name="pmid16344404">{{cite journal| author=Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Tam SW, Ghali JK, Sabolinski ML, Villagra VG | display-authors=etal| title=Cost-effectiveness of fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine therapy for blacks with heart failure. | journal=Circulation | year= 2005 | volume= 112 | issue= 24 | pages= 3745-53 | pmid=16344404 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563882 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16344404  }} </ref>  ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
 
|}
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]


==ACC/AHA Guidelines- Combination of Hydralazine and Nitrates (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref><ref name="pmid19324967">Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19324967 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.] ''Circulation'' 119 (14):1977-2016. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/19324967 19324967]</ref>==
|-
{{cquote| 
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' In [[patients]] with current or previous [[symptomatic]] [[HFrEF]] who cannot be given first-line agents, such as [[ARNi]], [[ACEi]], or [[ARB]], because of [[drug]] intolerance or [[renal insufficiency]], a combination of [[hydralazine]] and [[isosorbide dinitrate]] might be considered to reduce [[morbidity]] and [[mortality]]. <ref name="pmid3520315">{{cite journal| author=Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE | display-authors=etal| title=Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1986 | volume= 314 | issue= 24 | pages= 1547-52 | pmid=3520315 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198606123142404 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3520315  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26867758">{{cite journal| author=Khazanie P, Liang L, Curtis LH, Butler J, Eapen ZJ, Heidenreich PA | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical Effectiveness of Hydralazine-Isosorbide Dinitrate Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Findings From the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry. | journal=Circ Heart Fail | year= 2016 | volume= 9 | issue= 2 | pages= e002444 | pmid=26867758 | doi=10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002444 | pmc=4755330 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26867758  }} </ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C-LD]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
===[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]===
 
'''1.''' The combination of [[hydralazine]] and [[nitrates]] is recommended to improve outcomes for patients self described as African-Americans, with moderate-severe symptoms on optimal therapy with [[Congestive heart failure ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers|ACE inhibitors]], [[Congestive heart failure beta blockers|beta blockers]], and [[Congestive heart failure diuretics|diuretics]].<ref name="pmid15533851">{{cite journal |author=Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D'Agostino R, Ferdinand K, Taylor M, Adams K, Sabolinski M, Worcel M, Cohn JN |title=Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=351 |issue=20 |pages=2049–57 |year=2004 |month=November |pmid=15533851 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042934 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042934 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref><ref name="pmid10496190">{{cite journal |author=Carson P, Ziesche S, Johnson G, Cohn JN |title=Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial Study Group |journal=[[Journal of Cardiac Failure]] |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=178–87 |year=1999 |month=September |pmid=10496190 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1071916499000196 |accessdate=2012-04-05}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''}}
|}


==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
*[[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure | The CHF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]
*[[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure | The CHF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]


==Guidelines Resources==
==External Links==
*[https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063.full.pdf 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines]<ref name="pmid35363499">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW |title=2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=145 |issue=18 |pages=e895–e1032 |date=May 2022 |pmid=35363499 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063 |url=}} </ref>
 
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/12/e154.full.pdf The ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult] <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref>
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/112/12/e154.full.pdf The ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult] <ref name="Hunt"> Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202</ref>


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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 21:06, 22 June 2022
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [2] Edzel Lorraine Co, DMD, MD[3]

Overview

Nitrates reduce both preload and afterload in the setting of congestive heart failure and thereby relieve symptoms.

Vasodialators

Background

2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Heart Failure Guideline (DO NOT EDIT) [2]

Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate

Class I
"1. For patients self-identified as African American with NYHA class III-IV HFrEF who are receiving optimal medical therapy, the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate is recommended to improve symptoms and reduce morbidity and mortality. [3][1] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Value Statement: High Value
"2. For patients self-identified as African American with NYHA class III to IV HFrEF who are receiving optimal medical therapy with ACEi or ARB, beta blockers, and MRA, the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate provides high economic value.[4] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Class IIb
"3. In patients with current or previous symptomatic HFrEF who cannot be given first-line agents, such as ARNi, ACEi, or ARB, because of drug intolerance or renal insufficiency, a combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate might be considered to reduce morbidity and mortality. [5][6] (Level of Evidence: C-LD) "

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

External Links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, Carson P, D'Agostino R, Ferdinand K, Taylor M, Adams K, Sabolinski M, Worcel M, Cohn JN (2004). "Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure". The New England Journal of Medicine. 351 (20): 2049–57. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042934. PMID 15533851. Retrieved 2012-04-05. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM; et al. (2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e876–e894. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062. PMID 35363500 Check |pmid= value (help).
  3. ↑ Carson P, Ziesche S, Johnson G, Cohn JN (1999). "Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial Study Group". J Card Fail. 5 (3): 178–87. doi:10.1016/s1071-9164(99)90001-5. PMID 10496190.
  4. ↑ Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Tam SW, Ghali JK, Sabolinski ML, Villagra VG; et al. (2005). "Cost-effectiveness of fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine therapy for blacks with heart failure". Circulation. 112 (24): 3745–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563882. PMID 16344404.
  5. ↑ Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE; et al. (1986). "Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study". N Engl J Med. 314 (24): 1547–52. doi:10.1056/NEJM198606123142404. PMID 3520315.
  6. ↑ Khazanie P, Liang L, Curtis LH, Butler J, Eapen ZJ, Heidenreich PA; et al. (2016). "Clinical Effectiveness of Hydralazine-Isosorbide Dinitrate Therapy in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Findings From the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry". Circ Heart Fail. 9 (2): e002444. doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002444. PMC 4755330. PMID 26867758.
  7. ↑ Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW (May 2022). "2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". Circulation. 145 (18): e895–e1032. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. PMID 35363499 Check |pmid= value (help).
  8. ↑ Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG, Jessup M, Konstam MA, Mancini DM, Michl K, Oates JA, Rahko PS, Silver MA, Stevenson LW, Yancy CW, Antman EM, Smith SC Jr, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Nishimura R, Ornato JP, Page RL, Riegel B; American College of Cardiology; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; American College of Chest Physicians; International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Heart Rhythm Society. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20; 112(12): e154-235. Epub 2005 Sep 13. PMID 16160202
  9. ↑ Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, Feldman AM, Francis GS, Ganiats TG et al. (2009) 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 119 (14):1977-2016. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192064 PMID: 19324967

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