Cidofovir

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Cidofovir
Black Box Warning
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alberto Plate [2]

Disclaimer

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Black Box Warning

Warning
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
Nephrotoxicity:
  • Renal impairment is the major toxicity of Cidofovir Cases of acute renal failure resulting in dialysis and/or contributing to death have occurred with as few as one or two doses of Cidofovir. To reduce possible nephrotoxicity, intravenous prehydration with normal saline and administration of probenecid must be used with each Cidofovir infusion. Renal function (serum creatinine and urine protein) must be monitored within 48 hours prior to each dose of Cidofovir and the dose of Cidofovir modified for changes in renal function as appropriate. Cidofovir is contraindicated in patients who are receiving other nephrotoxic agents.

Neutropenia:

  • Neutropenia has been observed in association with Cidofovir treatment. Therefore, neutrophil counts should be monitored during visited therapy. Cidofovir is indicated only for the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In animal studies cidofovir was carcinogenic, teratogenic and caused hypospermia.

Overview

Cidofovir is an antiviral, cytosine nucleoside analog that is FDA approved for the treatment of Citomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The safety and efficacy of Cidofovir have not been established for treatment of other CMV infections (such as pneumonitis or gastroenteritis), congenital or neonatal CMV disease, or CMV disease in non-HIV-infected individuals. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include alopecia, rash, oral candidiasis, anemia, neutropenia, infections, asthenia, headache, iritis, uveitis, proteinuria, elevated serum creatinine, cough, dyspnea, fever, pain and shivering.

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

CMV Retinitis

Induction Treatment
Maintenance Treatment
  • The recommended maintenance dose of Cidofovir is 5 mg/kg body weight (given as an intravenous infusion at a constant rate over 1 hr), administered once every 2 weeks.
Probenecid
  • Probenecid must be administered orally with each Cidofovir dose. Two grams must be administered 3 hr prior to the Cidofovir dose and one gram administered at 2 and again at 8 hr after completion of the 1 hr Cidofovir infusion (for a total of 4 grams).
  • Ingestion of food prior to each dose of probenecid may reduce drug-related nausea and vomiting. Administration of an antiemetic may reduce the potential for nausea associated with probenecid ingestion. In patients who develop allergic or hypersensitivity symptoms to probenecid, the use of an appropriate prophylactic or therapeutic antihistamine and/or acetaminophen should be considered.
Hydration
  • Patients must receive at least one liter of 0.9% (normal) saline solution intravenously with each infusion of Cidofovir. The saline solution should be infused over a 1–2 hr period immediately before the Cidofovir infusion. Patients who can tolerate the additional fluid load should receive a second liter. If administered, the second liter of saline should be initiated either at the start of the Cidofovir infusion or immediately afterwards, and infused over a 1 to 3 hr period.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

Genital Herpes Simplex Infection
  • Dosage: 5 mg/kg once weekly[1]

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Cidofovir in adult patients.

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

There is limited information regarding Cidofovir FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Cidofovir in pediatric patients.

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

There is limited information regarding Off-Label Non–Guideline-Supported Use of Cidofovir in pediatric patients.

Contraindications

  • Initiation of therapy with Cidofovir is contraindicated in patients with a serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL, a calculated creatinine clearance ≤ 55 mL/min, or a urine protein ≥ 100 mg/dL (equivalent to ≥ 2+ proteinuria).
  • Cidofovir is contraindicated in patients receiving agents with nephrotoxic potential. Such agents must be discontinued at least seven days prior to starting therapy with Cidofovir.
  • Cidofovir is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to cidofovir.
  • Cidofovir is contraindicated in patients with a history of clinically severe hypersensitivity to probenecid or other sulfa-containing medications.
  • Direct intraocular injection of Cidofovir is contraindicated; direct injection of cidofovir has been associated with iritis, ocular hypotony, and permanent impairment of vision.

Warnings

Warning
See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning.
Nephrotoxicity:
  • Renal impairment is the major toxicity of Cidofovir Cases of acute renal failure resulting in dialysis and/or contributing to death have occurred with as few as one or two doses of Cidofovir. To reduce possible nephrotoxicity, intravenous prehydration with normal saline and administration of probenecid must be used with each Cidofovir infusion. Renal function (serum creatinine and urine protein) must be monitored within 48 hours prior to each dose of Cidofovir and the dose of Cidofovir modified for changes in renal function as appropriate. Cidofovir is contraindicated in patients who are receiving other nephrotoxic agents.

Neutropenia:

  • Neutropenia has been observed in association with Cidofovir treatment. Therefore, neutrophil counts should be monitored during visited therapy. Cidofovir is indicated only for the treatment of CMV retinitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In animal studies cidofovir was carcinogenic, teratogenic and caused hypospermia.
Nephrotoxicity
Preexisting Renal Impairment
Hematological Toxicity
Decreased Intraocular Pressure/Ocular Hypotony
  • Decreased intraocular pressure may occur during Cidofovir therapy, and in some instances has been associated with decreased visual acuity. Intraocular pressure should be monitored during Cidofovir therapy.
Metabolic Acidosis

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

Nephrotoxicity
  • Renal toxicity, as manifested by ≥ 2+ proteinuria, serum creatinine elevations of ≥ 0.4 mg/dL, or decreased creatinine clearance ≤ 55 mL/min, occurred in 79 of 135 (59%) patients receiving Cidofovir at a maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg every other week. Maintenance dose reductions from 5 mg/kg to 3 mg/kg due to proteinuria or serum creatinine elevations were made in 12 of 41 (29%) patients who had not received prior therapy for CMV retinitis (Study 106) and in 19 of 74 (26%) patients who had received prior therapy for CMV retinitis (Study 107). Prior foscarnet use has been associated with an increased risk of nephrotoxicity; therefore, such patients must be monitored closely.
Neutropenia
Decreased Intraocular Pressure/Ocular Hypotony
Anterior Uveitis/Iritis
  • Uveitis or iritis has been reported in clinical trials and during postmarketing in patients receiving Cidofovir therapy. Uveitis or iritis was reported in 15 of 135 (11%) patients receiving 5 mg/kg maintenance dosing. Treatment with topical corticosteroids with or without topical cycloplegic agents may be considered. Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of uveitis/iritis during Cidofovir therapy.
Metabolic Acidosis
  • A diagnosis of Fanconi's syndrome, as manifested by multiple abnormalities of proximal renal tubular function, was reported in 1% of patients. Decreases in serum bicarbonate to ≤ 16 mEq/L occurred in 16% of cidofovir-treated patients. Cases of metabolic acidosis in association with liver dysfunction and pancreatitis resulting in death have been reported in patients receiving Cidofovir In clinical trials, Cidofovir was withdrawn due to adverse events in 39% of patients treated with 5 mg/kg every other week as maintenance therapy.
  • The incidence of adverse reactions reported as serious in three controlled clinical studies in patients with CMV retinitis, regardless of presumed relationship to drug, is listed in Table 4.
  • The most frequently reported adverse events regardless of relationship to study drugs (cidofovir or probenecid) or severity are shown in Table 5.

The following additional list of adverse events/intercurrent illnesses have been observed in clinical studies of Cidofovir and are listed below regardless of causal relationship to Cidofovir Evaluation of these reports was difficult because of the diverse manifestations of the underlying disease and because most patients received numerous concomitant medicines.

Body as a Whole
Cardiovascular System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Hemic & Lymphatic System
Metabolic & Nutritional System
Musculoskeletal System
Nervous System
Respiratory System
Skin & Appendages
Special Senses
Urogenital System

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Cidofovir Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

Zidovudine

  • The pharmacokinetics of zidovudine were evaluated in ten patients receiving zidovudine alone or with intravenous cidofovir (without probenecid). There was no evidence of an effect of cidofovir on the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): C

  • Cidofovir was embryotoxic (reduced fetal body weights) in rats at 1.5 mg/kg/day and in rabbits at 1.0 mg/kg/day, doses which were also maternally toxic, following daily intravenous dosing during the period of organogenesis. The no-observable-effect levels for embryotoxicity in rats (0.5 mg/kg/day) and in rabbits (0.25 mg/kg/day) were approximately 0.04 and 0.05 times the clinical dose (5 mg/kg every other week) based on AUC, respectively. An increased incidence of fetal external, soft tissue and skeletal anomalies (meningocele, short snout, and short maxillary bones) occurred in rabbits at the high dose (1.0 mg/kg/day) which was also maternally toxic. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Cidofovir should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.


Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Cidofovir in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Cidofovir during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

  • It is not known whether cidofovir is excreted in human milk. Since many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for adverse reactions as well as the potential for tumorigenicity shown for cidofovir in animal studies, Cidofovir should not be administered to nursing mothers. The U.S. Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advises HIV-infected women not to breast-feed to avoid postnatal transmission of HIV to a child who may not yet be infected.

Pediatric Use

  • Safety and effectiveness in children have not been studied. The use of Cidofovir in children with AIDS warrants extreme caution due to the risk of long-term carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity. Administration of Cidofovir to children should be undertaken only after careful evaluation and only if the potential benefits of treatment outweigh the risks.

Geriatic Use

  • No studies of the safety or efficacy of Cidofovir in patients over the age of 60 have been conducted. Since elderly individuals frequently have reduced glomerular filtration, particular attention should be paid to assessing renal function before and during Cidofovir administration

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cidofovir with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cidofovir with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

Pre-Existing Renal Impairment
  • Cidofovir is contraindicated in patients with a serum creatinine concentration > 1.5 mg/dL, a calculated creatinine clearance ≤ 55 mL/min, or a urine protein ≥ 100 mg/dL (equivalent to ≥ 2+ proteinuria).

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Cidofovir in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, & Impairment of Fertility
  • Chronic, two-year carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice have not been carried out to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of cidofovir. However, a 26-week toxicology study evaluating once weekly subscapular subcutaneous injections of cidofovir in rats was terminated at 19 weeks because of the induction, in females, of palpable masses, the first of which was detected after six doses. The masses were diagnosed as mammary adenocarcinomas which developed at doses as low as 0.6 mg/kg/week, equivalent to 0.04 times the human systemic exposure at the recommended intravenous Cidofovir dose based on AUC comparisons.
  • In a 26-week intravenous toxicology study in which rats received 0.6, 3, or 15 mg/kg cidofovir once weekly, a significant increase in mammary adenocarcinomas in female rats as well as a significant incidence of Zymbal's gland carcinomas in male and female rats were seen at the high dose but not at the lower two doses. The high dose was equivalent to 1.1 times the human systemic exposure at the recommended dose of Cidofovir, based on comparisons of AUC measurements. In light of the results of these studies, cidofovir should be considered to be a carcinogen in rats as well as a potential carcinogen in humans.
  • Cynomolgus monkeys received intravenous cidofovir, alone and in conjunction with concomitant oral probenecid, intravenously once weekly for 52 weeks at doses resulting in exposures of approximately 0.7 times the human systemic exposure at the recommended dose of Cidofovir No tumors were detected. However, the study was not designed as a carcinogenicity study due to the small number of animals at each dose and the short duration of treatment.
  • No mutagenic response was observed in microbial mutagenicity assays involving Salmonella typhimurium (Ames) and [Escherichia coli]] in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. An increase in micro nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in vivo was seen in mice receiving ≥ 2000 mg/kg, a dosage approximately 65-fold higher than the maximum recommended clinical intravenous Cidofovir dose based on body surface area estimations. Cidofovir induced chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro without metabolic activation. At the 4 cidofovir levels tested, the percentage of damaged metaphases and number of aberrations per cell increased in a concentration-dependent manner.
  • Studies showed that cidofovir caused inhibition of spermatogenesis in rats and monkeys. However, no adverse effects on fertility or reproduction were seen following once weekly intravenous injections of cidofovir in male rats for 13 consecutive weeks at doses up to 15 mg/kg/week (equivalent to 1.1 times the recommended human dose based on AUC comparisons). Female rats dosed intravenously once weekly at 1.2 mg/kg/week (equivalent to 0.09 times the recommended human dose based on AUC) or higher, for up to 6 weeks prior to mating and for 2 weeks post mating had decreased litter sizes and live births per litter and increased early resorptions per litter. Peri- and post-natal development studies in which female rats received subcutaneous injections of cidofovir once daily at doses up to 1.0 mg/kg/day from day 7 of gestation through day 21 postpartum (approximately 5 weeks) resulted in no adverse effects on viability, growth, behavior, sexual maturation or reproductive capacity in the offspring.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Cidofovir in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

The recommended dosage, frequency, or infusion rate must not be exceeded. Cidofovir must be diluted in 100 milliliters 0.9% (normal) saline prior to administration. to minimize potential nephrotoxicity, probenecid and intravenous saline prehydration must be administered with each VISITIDE infusion.

Method of Preparation and Administration
  • Inspect vials visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. If particulate matter or discoloration is observed, the vial should not be used. With a syringe, extract the appropriate volume of Cidofovir from the vial and transfer the dose to an infusion bag containing 100 mL 0.9% (normal) saline solution. Infuse the entire volume intravenously into the patient at a constant rate over a 1 hr period. Use of a standard infusion pump for administration is recommended.
  • It is recommended that Cidofovir infusion admixtures be administered within 24 hr of preparation and that refrigerator or freezer storage not be used to extend this 24 hr limit.
  • If admixtures are not intended for immediate use, they may be stored under refrigeration (2–8°C) for no more than 24 hr. Refrigerated admixtures should be allowed to equilibrate to room temperature prior to use.
  • The chemical stability of Cidofovir admixtures was demonstrated in polyvinyl chloride composition and ethylene/propylene copolymer composition commercial infusion bags, and in glass bottles. No data are available to support the addition of other drugs or supplements to the cidofovir admixture for concurrent administration.
  • Cidofovir is supplied in single-use vials. Partially used vials should be discarded

Monitoring

IV Compatibility

Overdosage

  • Two cases of cidofovir overdose have been reported. These patients received single doses of Cidofovir at 16.3 mg/kg and 17.4 mg/kg, respectively, with concomitant oral probenecid and intravenous hydration. In both cases, the patients were hospitalized and received oral probenecid (one gram three times daily) and vigorous intravenous hydration with normal saline for 3 to 5 days. Significant changes in renal function were not observed in either patient.

Pharmacology

Template:Px
Cidofovir
Systematic (IUPAC) name
({[(S)-1-(4-amino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)-3-hydroxypropan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)phosphonic acid
Identifiers
CAS number 113852-37-2
ATC code J05AB12
PubChem 60613
DrugBank DB00369
Chemical data
Formula Template:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBox atomTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBoxTemplate:OrganicBox 
Mol. mass 279.187 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
Physical data
Melt. point 260 °C (500 °F)
Spec. rot -97.3
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability complete
Protein binding <6%
Metabolism ?
Half life 2.6 hours
Excretion renal

The above pharmacokinetic parameters are measured for cidofovir used in conjunction with probenecid.[2]

Therapeutic considerations
Licence data

EU, US

Pregnancy cat.

D(AU) C(US)

Legal status

Prescription Only (S4)(AU) ?(CA) POM(UK) [[Prescription drug|Template:Unicode-only]](US)

Routes IV

Mechanism of Action

  • Cidofovir suppresses cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication by selective inhibition of viral DNA synthesis. *Biochemical data support selective inhibition of CMV DNA polymerase by cidofovir diphosphate, the active intracellular metabolite of cidofovir. Cidofovir diphosphate inhibits herpesvirus polymerases at concentrations that are 8- to 600-fold lower than those needed to inhibit human cellular DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma1, 2, 3. Incorporation of cidofovir into the growing viral DNA chain results in reductions in the rate of viral DNA synthesis.

Structure

  • The chemical name of cidofovir is 1-[(S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]cytosine dihydrate (HPMPC), with the molecular formula of C8H14N3O6P•2H2O and a molecular weight of 315.22 (279.19 for anhydrous). The chemical structure is:

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Cidofovir Pharmacodynamics in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

  • Cidofovir must be administered with probenecid. The pharmacokinetics of cidofovir, administered both without and with probenecid, are described below.
  • The pharmacokinetics of cidofovir without probenecid were evaluated in 27 HIV-infected patients with or without asymptomatic CMV infection. Dose-independent pharmacokinetics were demonstrated after one hr infusions of 1.0 (n = 5), 3.0 (n = 10), 5.0 (n = 2) and 10.0 (n = 8) mg/kg. There was no evidence of cidofovir accumulation after 4 weeks of repeated administration of 3 mg/kg/week (n = 5) without probenecid. In patients with normal renal function, approximately 80 to 100% of the Cidofovir dose was recovered unchanged in urine within 24 hr (n = 27). The renal clearance of cidofovir was greater than creatinine clearance, indicating renal tubular secretion contributes to the elimination of cidofovir.
  • The pharmacokinetics of cidofovir administered with probenecid were evaluated in 12 HIV-infected patients with or without asymptomatic CMV infection and 10 patients with relapsing CMV retinitis. Dose-independent pharmacokinetics were observed for cidofovir, administered with probenecid, after one hr infusions of 3.0 (n = 12), 5.0 (n = 6), and 7.5 (n = 4) mg/kg (See TABLE 2). Approximately 70 to 85% of the Cidofovir dose administered with concomitant probenecid was excreted as unchanged drug within 24 hr. When Cidofovir was administered with probenecid, the renal clearance of cidofovir was reduced to a level consistent with creatinine clearance, suggesting that probenecid blocks active renal tubular secretion of cidofovir.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Cidofovir Nonclinical Toxicology in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Cidofovir Clinical Studies in the drug label.

How Supplied

  • Cidofovir (cidofovir injection) 75 mg/mL for intravenous infusion, is supplied as a non-preserved solution in single-use clear glass vials as follows:
    • NDC 61958-0101-1: 375 mg in a 5 mL vial in a single-unit carton

Storage

  • Cidofovir should be stored at controlled room temperature 20–25 °C (68–77 °F).

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Cidofovir Patient Counseling Information in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

  • Alcohol-Cidofovir interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Cidofovir Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.

  1. ↑ "Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2010" (PDF).
  2. ↑ Cundy, Kenneth C. "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Antiviral Nucleotide Analogues Cidofovir and Adefovir." Clinical Pharmacokinetics 36.2 (1999): 127-43.

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