Chronic hypertension classification: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(17 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Chronic hypertension}}
{{Chronic hypertension}}


{{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:YazanDaaboul|Yazan Daaboul]], [[User:Sergekorjian|Serge Korjian]]
{{CMG}}; '''Assistant Editor-In-Chief:''' [[User:YazanDaaboul|Yazan Daaboul]], [[User:Sergekorjian|Serge Korjian]], {{USAMA}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Line 8: Line 8:


==Classification==
==Classification==
===2014 Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults (JNC8) --''' DO NOT EDIT''' ===
===JNC 8 update on JNC 7 Classification of Blood Pressure===
JNC8(2014) proposes no changes in the blood pressure classification given in JNC7(2004). According to the ''Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure''<ref name="jnc7">{{
cite journal
|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289.19.2560v1
|author=Chobanian AV et al
|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]
|title=The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report.
|year = 2003
|volume = 289
|pages = 2560-72
|pmid = 12748199
}}</ref> blood pressure values were classified as follows:
 
{| border="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" cellpadding="5" align="center" width="600px"
|-
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Category
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Systolic (mmHg)
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diastolic (mmHg)
|+ align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |'''Blood Pressure Classification''' 
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Normal|| < 120 || and ||< 80
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Pre-Hypertension|| 120-139 || or || 80-89
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Stage 1 Hypertension|| 140-159 || or || 90-99
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Stage 2 Hypertension|| >160 || or || <u>></u>100
|}
 
===ESH/ESC Classification of Blood Pressure===
In Europe, a different classification of blood pressure was introduced in 2007 by ''The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)''. According to the 2013 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension, blood pressure values were classified as follows:
<ref name="pmid18327095">{{cite journal| author=Bonny A, Lacombe F, Yitemben M, Discazeaux B, Donetti J, Fahri P et al.| title=The 2007 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. | journal=J Hypertens | year= 2008 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 825; author reply 825-6 | pmid=18327095 | doi=10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f857e7 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18327095  }} </ref>
 
{| border="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" cellpadding="5" align="center" width="600px"
|-
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Category
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Systolic (mmHg)
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |Diastolic (mmHg)
|+ align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |'''Blood Pressure Classification'''
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Optimal|| < 120 || and ||< 80
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Normal|| 120-129 || and/or || 80-84
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|High Normal|| 130-139 || and/or || 85-89
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Grade 1 Hypertension|| 140-159 || and/or || 90-99
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Grade 2 Hypertension|| 160-179 || and/or || 100-109
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Grade 3 Hypertension|| ≥ 180 || and/or || ≥110
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Isolated Systolic Hypertension|| ≥140 || and || <90
|-
|}
 
===2014 Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults (JNC 8) --''' DO NOT EDIT'''===
{| align=center
{| align=center
|-
|-
Line 15: Line 73:
|+ align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |'''Comparison of Current Recommendations With JNC 7 Guidelines'''
|+ align="center" style="background:#4479BA; color: #FFFFFF;" |'''Comparison of Current Recommendations With JNC 7 Guidelines'''
|-
|-
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" | Topic
| align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" | '''Topic'''
! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" | JNC 7
! colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" | JNC 7
! colspan="4" |2014 Hypertension Guideline
! colspan="4" align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |2014 Hypertension Guideline (JNC8)
|-
|-
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|Methodology
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|'''Methodology'''
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Nonsystematic literature review by expert committee including a
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | Nonsystematic literature review by expert committee including a
range of study designs
range of study designs


Recommendations based on consensus
Recommendations based on consensus
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Critical questions and review criteria defined by expert panel with
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | Critical questions and review criteria defined by expert panel with
input from methodology team
input from methodology team


Line 35: Line 93:
panel according to a standardized protocol
panel according to a standardized protocol
|-
|-
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|Definitions
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|'''Definitions'''
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Defined hypertension and prehypertension  
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Defined hypertension and prehypertension  
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Definitions of hypertension and prehypertension not addressed,
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Definitions of hypertension and prehypertension not addressed,
but thresholds for pharmacologic treatment were defined
but thresholds for pharmacologic treatment were defined
|-
|-
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|Treatment
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|'''Treatment goals'''
goals
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | Separate treatment goals defined for “uncomplicated” hypertension
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Separate treatment goals defined for “uncomplicated” hypertension
and for subsets with various comorbid conditions
and for subsets with various comorbid conditions


(diabetes and CKD)
(diabetes and CKD)
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Similar treatment goals defined for all hypertensive populations
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | Similar treatment goals defined for all hypertensive populations
except when evidence review supports different goals for a particular
except when evidence review supports different goals for a particular


subpopulation
subpopulation
|-
|-
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|Lifestyle
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|'''Lifestyle recommendations'''
recommendations
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Recommended lifestyle modifications based on literature review and
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Recommended lifestyle modifications based on literature review and
expert opinion
expert opinion
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Lifestyle modifications recommended by endorsing the evidencebased
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Lifestyle modifications recommended by endorsing the evidencebased
Recommendations of the Lifestyle Work Group
Recommendations of the Lifestyle Work Group
|-
|-
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|Drug therapy
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|'''Drug therapy'''
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Recommended 5 classes to be considered as initial therapy but recommended
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Recommended 5 classes to be considered as initial therapy but recommended
thiazide-type diuretics as initial therapy for most patients
thiazide-type diuretics as initial therapy for most patients


Line 73: Line 129:


names and usual dose ranges
names and usual dose ranges
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" | Recommended selection among 4 specific medication classes (ACEI
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" | Recommended selection among 4 specific medication classes (ACEI
or ARB, CCB or diuretics) and doses based on RCT evidence
or ARB, CCB or diuretics) and doses based on RCT evidence


Line 82: Line 138:
Panel created a table of drugs and doses used in the outcome trials
Panel created a table of drugs and doses used in the outcome trials
|-
|-
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|Scope of topics
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|'''Scope of topics'''
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Addressed multiple issues (blood pressure measurement methods,
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Addressed multiple issues (blood pressure measurement methods,
patient evaluation components, secondary hypertension, adherence
patient evaluation components, secondary hypertension, adherence


Line 89: Line 145:


populations) based on literature review and expert opinion
populations) based on literature review and expert opinion
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Evidence review of RCTs addressed a limited number of questions,
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Evidence review of RCTs addressed a limited number of questions,
those judged by the panel to be of highest priority.
those judged by the panel to be of highest priority.
|-
|-
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|Pre-publication review
|align="left" style="background:#DCDCDC;"|'''Pre-publication review'''
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Reviewed by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program
| colspan="3" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Reviewed by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program
Coordinating Committee, a coalition of 39 major professional, public,
Coordinating Committee, a coalition of 39 major professional, public,


and voluntary organizations and 7 federal agencies
and voluntary organizations and 7 federal agencies
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="center" |Reviewed by experts including those affiliated with professional and
| colspan="4" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |Reviewed by experts including those affiliated with professional and
public organizations and federal agencies; no official sponsorship by
public organizations and federal agencies; no official sponsorship by


Line 104: Line 160:
|}
|}
|}
|}
'''Abbreviations:'''  
<small><small>'''Abbreviations:'''  


ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; JNC, Joint National Committee;
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; JNC, Joint National Committee;


RCT, randomized controlled trial. <small><small>Adopted from 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8).<ref name="pmid24352797">{{cite journal| author=James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J et al.| title=2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). | journal=JAMA | year= 2014 | volume= 311 | issue= 5 | pages= 507-20 | pmid=24352797 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.284427 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24352797  }} </ref></small></small>
RCT, randomized controlled trial.  


===JNC 7 Classification of Blood Pressure===
Adopted from 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8).<ref name="pmid24352797">{{cite journal| author=James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J et al.| title=2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). | journal=JAMA | year= 2014 | volume= 311 | issue= 5 | pages= 507-20 | pmid=24352797 | doi=10.1001/jama.2013.284427 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24352797 }} </ref></small></small>
According to the ''Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure''<ref name="jnc7">{{
cite journal
|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289.19.2560v1
|author=Chobanian AV et al
|journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]
|title=The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report.
|year = 2003
|volume = 289
|pages = 2560-72
|pmid = 12748199
}}</ref> blood pressure values were classified as follows:
 
{| border="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" cellpadding="5" align="center" width="600px"
|-
|bgcolor="#67e1ff"|'''Blood Pressure Classification''' || bgcolor="#67e1ff"|'''Systolic''' (mm Hg) ||bgcolor="#67e1ff"|  ||bgcolor="#67e1ff"|'''Diastolic''' (mm Hg)
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Normal|| < 120 || and ||< 80
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Pre-Hypertension|| 120-139 || or || 80-89
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Stage 1 Hypertension|| 140-159 || or || 90-99
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Stage 2 Hypertension|| >160 || or || <u>></u>100
|}
 
===ESH/ESC Classification of Blood Pressure===
In Europe, a different classification of blood pressure was introduced in 2007 by ''The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)''. According to the 2013 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension, blood pressure values were classified as follows:
<ref name="pmid18327095">{{cite journal| author=Bonny A, Lacombe F, Yitemben M, Discazeaux B, Donetti J, Fahri P et al.| title=The 2007 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. | journal=J Hypertens | year= 2008 | volume= 26 | issue= 4 | pages= 825; author reply 825-6 | pmid=18327095 | doi=10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f857e7 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18327095 }} </ref>
 
{| border="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" cellpadding="5" align="center" width="600px"
|-
|bgcolor="#67e1ff"|'''Blood Pressure Classification''' ||bgcolor="#67e1ff"|'''Systolic''' (mm Hg) ||bgcolor="#67e1ff"| ||bgcolor="#67e1ff"|'''Diastolic''' (mm Hg)
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Optimal|| < 120 || and ||< 80
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Normal|| 120-129 || and/or || 80-84
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|High Normal|| 130-139 || and/or || 85-89
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Grade 1 Hypertension|| 140-159 || and/or || 90-99
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Grade 2 Hypertension|| 160-179 || and/or || 100-109
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Grade 3 Hypertension|| ≥ 180 || and/or || ≥110
|-
|bgcolor="#f3f3f3"|Isolated Systolic Hypertension|| ≥140 || and || <90
|-
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:09, 17 May 2017

Chronic Hypertension Microchapters

Home

2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guidelines

Patient Information

Overview

Definition

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hypertension from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Blood Pressure Measurement

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

ETT

Echocardiography

CT

MRI

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Lifestyle Modification

Medical Therapy

Practice Guidelines

Case Studies

Case #1

Chronic hypertension classification On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Chronic hypertension classification

CDC on Chronic hypertension classification

Chronic hypertension classification in the news

Blogs on Chronic hypertension classification

Directions to Hospitals Treating Chronic hypertension classification

Risk calculators and risk factors for Chronic hypertension classification

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, Serge Korjian, Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]

Overview

In 2004, the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7) classified blood pressure values into 4 categories: normal, prehypertension, stage I hypertension, and stage II hypertension.[1] In 2007, the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) classified blood pressure into 7 categories.[2] This classification remained unchanged in the 2013 ESH/ESC classification.[3] The ESH/ESC classification excludes JNC 7’s pre-hypertension category, but includes 3 different grades of hypertension in contrast to JNC 7’s two-stage classification of hypertension.

Classification

JNC 8 update on JNC 7 Classification of Blood Pressure

JNC8(2014) proposes no changes in the blood pressure classification given in JNC7(2004). According to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure[4] blood pressure values were classified as follows:

Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg)
Blood Pressure Classification
Normal < 120 and < 80
Pre-Hypertension 120-139 or 80-89
Stage 1 Hypertension 140-159 or 90-99
Stage 2 Hypertension >160 or >100

ESH/ESC Classification of Blood Pressure

In Europe, a different classification of blood pressure was introduced in 2007 by The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). According to the 2013 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension, blood pressure values were classified as follows: [2]

Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg)
Blood Pressure Classification
Optimal < 120 and < 80
Normal 120-129 and/or 80-84
High Normal 130-139 and/or 85-89
Grade 1 Hypertension 140-159 and/or 90-99
Grade 2 Hypertension 160-179 and/or 100-109
Grade 3 Hypertension ≥ 180 and/or ≥110
Isolated Systolic Hypertension ≥140 and <90

2014 Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults (JNC 8) -- DO NOT EDIT

Comparison of Current Recommendations With JNC 7 Guidelines
Topic JNC 7 2014 Hypertension Guideline (JNC8)
Methodology Nonsystematic literature review by expert committee including a

range of study designs

Recommendations based on consensus

Critical questions and review criteria defined by expert panel with

input from methodology team

Initial systematic review by methodologists restricted to RCT

evidence

Subsequent review of RCT evidence and recommendations by the

panel according to a standardized protocol

Definitions Defined hypertension and prehypertension Definitions of hypertension and prehypertension not addressed,

but thresholds for pharmacologic treatment were defined

Treatment goals Separate treatment goals defined for “uncomplicated” hypertension

and for subsets with various comorbid conditions

(diabetes and CKD)

Similar treatment goals defined for all hypertensive populations

except when evidence review supports different goals for a particular

subpopulation

Lifestyle recommendations Recommended lifestyle modifications based on literature review and

expert opinion

Lifestyle modifications recommended by endorsing the evidencebased

Recommendations of the Lifestyle Work Group

Drug therapy Recommended 5 classes to be considered as initial therapy but recommended

thiazide-type diuretics as initial therapy for most patients

without compelling indication for another class

Specified particular antihypertensive medication classes for patients

with compelling indications, ie, diabetes, CKD, heart failure, myocardial

infarction, stroke, and high CVD risk

Included a comprehensive table of oral antihypertensive drugs including

names and usual dose ranges

Recommended selection among 4 specific medication classes (ACEI

or ARB, CCB or diuretics) and doses based on RCT evidence

Recommended specific medication classes based on evidence review

for racial, CKD, and diabetic subgroups

Panel created a table of drugs and doses used in the outcome trials

Scope of topics Addressed multiple issues (blood pressure measurement methods,

patient evaluation components, secondary hypertension, adherence

to regimens, resistant hypertension, and hypertension in special

populations) based on literature review and expert opinion

Evidence review of RCTs addressed a limited number of questions,

those judged by the panel to be of highest priority.

Pre-publication review Reviewed by the National High Blood Pressure Education Program

Coordinating Committee, a coalition of 39 major professional, public,

and voluntary organizations and 7 federal agencies

Reviewed by experts including those affiliated with professional and

public organizations and federal agencies; no official sponsorship by

any organization should be inferred

Abbreviations:

ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; JNC, Joint National Committee;

RCT, randomized controlled trial.

Adopted from 2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Report From the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8).[5]

References

  1. Cuddy ML (2005). "Treatment of hypertension: guidelines from JNC 7 (the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1)". J Pract Nurs. 55 (4): 17–21, quiz 22-3. PMID 16512265.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Bonny A, Lacombe F, Yitemben M, Discazeaux B, Donetti J, Fahri P; et al. (2008). "The 2007 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension". J Hypertens. 26 (4): 825, author reply 825-6. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f857e7. PMID 18327095.
  3. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redón J, Zanchetti A, Böhm M; et al. (2013). "2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)". J Hypertens. 31 (7): 1281–357. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000431740.32696.cc. PMID 23817082.
  4. Chobanian AV; et al. (2003). "The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report". JAMA. 289: 2560–72. PMID 12748199.
  5. James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J; et al. (2014). "2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)". JAMA. 311 (5): 507–20. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.284427. PMID 24352797.

Template:WH Template:WS