Chancroid epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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===Developing Countries=== | ===Developing Countries=== | ||
*Chancroid is a major cause of genital ulcer disease in Africa, southeast Asia and parts of Latin America.<ref name="ChancroidUpToDate"></ref> | *Chancroid is a major cause of genital ulcer disease in Africa, southeast Asia and parts of Latin America.<ref name="ChancroidUpToDate"></ref> | ||
*Acquiring epidemiological data is more difficult in developing countries due to greater lack of resources. | *Acquiring epidemiological data is more difficult in developing countries due to greater lack of resources to test for ''H. ducreyi''. | ||
*Chancroid is common in countries that have high rates of HIV infection, most likely due to the fact that each disease facilitates acquisition of the other.<ref name="Spinola2002"></ref> | *Chancroid is common in countries that have high rates of HIV infection, most likely due to the fact that each disease facilitates acquisition of the other.<ref name="Spinola2002"></ref> | ||
Revision as of 18:10, 19 January 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Overview
Infection levels are low in the western world, typically around one case per two million of the population (Canada, France, UK and USA). Most individuals diagnosed with chancroid have visited countries or areas where the disease is known to occur frequently, although outbreaks have been observed in association with crack cocaine use and prostitution.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- UNAIDS and the World Health Organization estimate the global incidence of chancroid to be approximately 6 million cases per year.[1]
- A true incidence is difficult to determine due to lack of readily available diagnostic testing. H. ducreyi is difficult to culture so chancroid may be under-diagnosed.[2]
- Since 1987, reported cases of chancroid declined steadily until 2001. Since then, the number of cases reported has fluctuated.[2]
Age
- Chancroid may develop in individuals of any age but is typically found in sexually active individuals with a mean patient age of 30 years.
Gender
- The male-to-female ratio of patients with chancroid ranges from 3:1 in endemic areas to 25:1 during outbreak situations.[1]
- Female prostitutes with either symptomatic chancroid or as asymptomatic carriers serve as a reservoir for H. ducreyi.[1]
Race
- Race does not effect the likelihood of developing chancroid.
Developed Countries
- Chancroid is uncommon in the United States and other developed countries, but can been present in endemic areas associated with the use of crack cocaine and prostitution.
- In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported 15 cases of chancroid in 2012.[3]
- The majority of cases in developed countries occur in individuals who have returned from chancroid-endemic areas in the world.
Developing Countries
- Chancroid is a major cause of genital ulcer disease in Africa, southeast Asia and parts of Latin America.[3]
- Acquiring epidemiological data is more difficult in developing countries due to greater lack of resources to test for H. ducreyi.
- Chancroid is common in countries that have high rates of HIV infection, most likely due to the fact that each disease facilitates acquisition of the other.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Spinola, S. M. (2002). "Immunopathogenesis of Haemophilus ducreyi Infection (Chancroid)". Infection and Immunity. 70 (4): 1667–1676. doi:10.1128/IAI.70.4.1667-1676.2002. ISSN 0019-9567.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (November 16, 2009). http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats08/other.htm Accessed January 15, 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chancroid. UpToDate (September 25, 2015). http://www.uptodate.com/contents/chancroid#H3 Accessed January 19, 2016.