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==Overview==
==Overview==
Chagas disease (American tryponosomiasis) is a human [[tropical disease|tropical]] [[parasitic disease]] usually caused by ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'', a flagellate protozoa.


==Causes==
==Causes==
'''Chagas' disease''' (also called '''''[[American trypanosomiasis]]''''' or '''''[[Trypanosoma cruzi Infection]]''''') is a human[[tropical disease|tropical]] [[parasitic disease]] which occurs in the Americas, particularly in South America.  Its [[pathogen]]ic[[Vector (biology)|agent]] is a [[flagellate]] [[protozoa]]n named ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'', which is transmitted to humans and other [[mammal]]s mostly by [[hematophagy|blood-sucking]] [[assassin bug]]s of the subfamily [[Triatominae]] (Family [[Reduviidae]]). Those insects are known by numerous common names varying by country, including benchuca, vinchuca, kissing bug, chipo, chupança and barbeiro. The most common insect species belong to the genera ''[[Triatoma]]'', ''[[Rhodnius]]'', and ''[[Panstrongylus]]''. Other forms of transmission are possible, though, such as ingestion of food contaminated with [[parasite]]s, [[blood transfusion]] and [[fetus|fetal]] transmission.
===Etiologic Agent===
*Chagas disease ([[American trypanosomiasis]]) is a human [[tropical disease|tropical]] [[parasitic disease]] usually caused by ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'', a [[flagellate]] [[protozoa]].
 
===Transmission===
*Chagas disease usually has a [[vector-borne]] transmission. Triatomine insects, the Riduvid (kissing/assassin) bugs, suck blood from an infected individual and are subsequently infected themselves.
*The insects carry the [[pathogen]] in their feces and urine. Human infection with ''T. cruzi'' occurs following exposure to feces/urine of infected insects. The [[pathogen]] typically enters the host either through a wound induced by the host's scratching following the insect bite or through the conjunctival mucus membranes.
*Triatomine insects may also be referred to as benchuca, vinchuca, kissing bug, chipo, chupança and barbeiro. Other insect species that may be vectors for ''T. cruzi'' are insects of the families ''[[Rhodnius]]'' and ''[[Panstrongylus]]''
*Other modes of transmission include [[organ transplantation]], [[blood transfusions]], [[vertical transmission]], [[breast milk]], and oral transmission following ingestion of infected foods.<ref>Santos Ferreira C, Amato Neto V, Gakiya E, ''et al.'' "Microwave treatment of human milk to prevent transmission of Chagas disease." Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 2003 Jan-Feb;45(1):41-2. PMID 12751321</ref><ref name="WHO">WHO. [http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/chagas/ Chagas.] Accessed 24 September 2006.</ref><ref>da Silva Valente S, de Costa Valente V, Neto H. "Considerations on the epidemiology and transmission of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon." Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 Suppl 1: 395-8. PMID 10677763</ref><ref>UK Health Protection Agency (HPA).[http://www.hpa.org.uk/cdr/archives/archive05/News/news1305.htm Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis) in southern Brazil.] Accessed 24 September 2006.</ref>
 
====Life Cycle====
The following figure illustrates the life cycle of ''T. cruzi'', the causative pathogen of Chagas disease.<br>
 
[[Image:Trypanosoma cruzi LifeCycle.gif|800px|center|thumb| Life cycle of [[Trypanosoma cruzi]]. - Source: https://www.cdc.gov/]]
 
==Gallery==
<gallery>
 
Image: Chagas06.jpeg| Triatoma infestans or the “Kissing Bug”, “Assassin Bug”, or “Cone-Nose Bug”, is a vector for Chagas' Disease. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Chagas02.jpeg| Dorsal view of the “kissing bug”, Triatoma infestans, a vector for Chagas disease. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
Image: Chagas01.jpeg| Dorsal view of the Eastern bloodsucking conenose, or the Mexican bed bug, Triatoma sanguisuga. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL>
 
</gallery>


==References==
==References==


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Latest revision as of 20:52, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.

Overview

Chagas disease (American tryponosomiasis) is a human tropical parasitic disease usually caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellate protozoa.

Causes

Etiologic Agent

Transmission

  • Chagas disease usually has a vector-borne transmission. Triatomine insects, the Riduvid (kissing/assassin) bugs, suck blood from an infected individual and are subsequently infected themselves.
  • The insects carry the pathogen in their feces and urine. Human infection with T. cruzi occurs following exposure to feces/urine of infected insects. The pathogen typically enters the host either through a wound induced by the host's scratching following the insect bite or through the conjunctival mucus membranes.
  • Triatomine insects may also be referred to as benchuca, vinchuca, kissing bug, chipo, chupança and barbeiro. Other insect species that may be vectors for T. cruzi are insects of the families Rhodnius and Panstrongylus
  • Other modes of transmission include organ transplantation, blood transfusions, vertical transmission, breast milk, and oral transmission following ingestion of infected foods.[1][2][3][4]

Life Cycle

The following figure illustrates the life cycle of T. cruzi, the causative pathogen of Chagas disease.

Life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi. - Source: https://www.cdc.gov/

Gallery

References

  1. ↑ Santos Ferreira C, Amato Neto V, Gakiya E, et al. "Microwave treatment of human milk to prevent transmission of Chagas disease." Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo. 2003 Jan-Feb;45(1):41-2. PMID 12751321
  2. ↑ WHO. Chagas. Accessed 24 September 2006.
  3. ↑ da Silva Valente S, de Costa Valente V, Neto H. "Considerations on the epidemiology and transmission of Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon." Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 94 Suppl 1: 395-8. PMID 10677763
  4. ↑ UK Health Protection Agency (HPA).Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis) in southern Brazil. Accessed 24 September 2006.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".

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