Central nervous system disease: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
A central nervous system (CNS) disease can affect either the [[spinal cord]] ([[myelopathy]]) or [[brain]] ([[encephalopathy]]), both of which are part of the [[central nervous system]].
A central nervous system (CNS) disease can affect either the [[spinal cord]] ([[myelopathy]]) or [[brain]] ([[encephalopathy]]), both of which are part of the [[central nervous system]].
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===Brain===
===Brain===
{{Main|Human brain}}
* It allows the [[Human body|body]] to function.  
* It allows the [[Human body|body]] to function.  
* The [[brain]] is protected by the [[skull]]; however, if the [[brain]] is damaged, the results to the [[human body]] can be very consequential.
* The [[brain]] is protected by the [[skull]]; however, if the [[brain]] is damaged, the results to the [[human body]] can be very consequential.
*For more information, click [[Human brain|here]].


==Types of Disease==
==Types of Disease==
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* [[Mood swing|Mood swings]] from the highs of [[mania]] to the lows of deep [[depression]] usually occur over several weeks to months.  
* [[Mood swing|Mood swings]] from the highs of [[mania]] to the lows of deep [[depression]] usually occur over several weeks to months.  
* New research suggests that [[bipolar disorder]] is actually a [[neurological disease]] genetically related to [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>http://www.hindawi.com/journals/crim/2011/154165/</ref>
* New research suggests that [[bipolar disorder]] is actually a [[neurological disease]] genetically related to [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>http://www.hindawi.com/journals/crim/2011/154165/</ref>
*For more information, click [[Bipolar disorder|here]].


===Catalepsy===
===Catalepsy===
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* Cataleptic fits can range in duration from several minutes to weeks.  
* Cataleptic fits can range in duration from several minutes to weeks.  
* The condition often responds to [[benzodiazepines]] (e.g., [[lorazepam]]) in pill and I.V. form.<ref>[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-catalepsy.htm What Is Catalepsy?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* The condition often responds to [[benzodiazepines]] (e.g., [[lorazepam]]) in pill and I.V. form.<ref>[http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-catalepsy.htm What Is Catalepsy?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*For more information, click [[Catalepsy|here]].


===Epilepsy/Seizures===
===Epilepsy/Seizures===
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* Onset of new cases occurs more frequently in [[Infant|infants]] and the [[Old age|elderly]].  
* Onset of new cases occurs more frequently in [[Infant|infants]] and the [[Old age|elderly]].  
* [[Epileptic seizure|Epileptic seizures]] may occur in recovering [[Patient|patients]] as a consequence of [[brain surgery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epilepsy.com/101/ep101_death |title=How Serious Are Seizures? |publisher=Epilepsy.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
* [[Epileptic seizure|Epileptic seizures]] may occur in recovering [[Patient|patients]] as a consequence of [[brain surgery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epilepsy.com/101/ep101_death |title=How Serious Are Seizures? |publisher=Epilepsy.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
*For more information, click [[Epilepsy|here]].


===Encephalitis===
===Encephalitis===
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* [[Symptom|Symptoms]] of this [[disease]] include [[headache]], [[neck pain]], [[drowsiness]], [[nausea]], and [[fever]].  
* [[Symptom|Symptoms]] of this [[disease]] include [[headache]], [[neck pain]], [[drowsiness]], [[nausea]], and [[fever]].  
* If caused by the [[West Nile virus]], it may be lethal to humans, as well as birds and horses.<ref name="urlWest Nile Virus">{{cite web |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/west_nile_encephalitis/article.htm |title=West Nile Virus |publisher=Medicinenet.com |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
* If caused by the [[West Nile virus]], it may be lethal to humans, as well as birds and horses.<ref name="urlWest Nile Virus">{{cite web |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/west_nile_encephalitis/article.htm |title=West Nile Virus |publisher=Medicinenet.com |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
*For more information, click [[Encephalitis|here]].


===Meningitis===
===Meningitis===
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* It is most often caused by a [[Bacteria|bacterial]] or [[viral infection]].  
* It is most often caused by a [[Bacteria|bacterial]] or [[viral infection]].  
* [[Fever]], [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]], and a [[Neck stiffness|stiff neck]] are all [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[meningitis]].
* [[Fever]], [[Nausea and vomiting|vomiting]], and a [[Neck stiffness|stiff neck]] are all [[Symptom|symptoms]] of [[meningitis]].
*For more information, click [[Meningitis|here]].


===Migraine===
===Migraine===
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*[[Migraine]] is a [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]], often debilitating [[neurological disorder]] characterized by recurrent moderate to severe [[Headache|headaches]].
*[[Migraine]] is a [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]], often debilitating [[neurological disorder]] characterized by recurrent moderate to severe [[Headache|headaches]].
*It is often associated with a number of [[autonomic nervous system]] [[Symptom|symptoms]].
*It is often associated with a number of [[autonomic nervous system]] [[Symptom|symptoms]].
*For more information, click [[Migraine|here]].


===Tropical Spastic Paraparesis===
===Tropical Spastic Paraparesis===


* Troby, a [[virus]] that can also cause [[leukemia]], is a [[disease]] of the [[bone marrow]].
*[[Tropical spastic paraparesis]] is caused by human T-lymphotropic virus.
*[[Patient|Patients]] present with [[weakness]], [[muscle spasms]], and sensory disturbance.
*For more information, click [[Tropical spastic paraparesis|here]].


===Arachnoid Cysts===
===Arachnoid Cysts===


* [[Arachnoid cyst|Arachnoid cysts]] consist of [[cerebrospinal fluid]] covered by [[Arachnoid (brain)|arachnoidal]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]] that may develop on the brain or spinal cord.<ref name="urlArachnoid Cysts">{{cite web |url=http://arachnoidcyst.org/functions.php |title=How the Brain Works |publisher=Arachnoidcyst.org |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> They are a [[congenital disorder]], and in some cases may not show symptoms. However, if there is a large cyst, symptoms may include headache, seizures, [[ataxia]] (lack of muscle control), [[hemiparesis]], and several others. [[Macrocephaly]] and [[ADHD]] are common among children, while presenile dementia, [[hydrocephalus]] (an abnormality of the dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid), and [[urinary incontinence]] are symptoms for elderly patients (65 and older).
* [[Arachnoid cyst|Arachnoid cysts]] are filled with [[cerebrospinal fluid]] and covered by [[Arachnoid (brain)|arachnoidal]] [[Cell (biology)|cells]] that may develop in the [[brain]] or [[spinal cord]].<ref name="urlArachnoid Cysts">{{cite web |url=http://arachnoidcyst.org/functions.php |title=How the Brain Works |publisher=Arachnoidcyst.org |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
*They are a [[congenital disorder]], and can be [[asymptomatic]].  
*However, if there is a large [[cyst]], [[Symptom|symptoms]] may include [[headache]], [[Seizure|seizures]], [[ataxia]] (lack of [[muscle]] control), and[[hemiparesis]].  
*[[Macrocephaly]] and [[ADHD]] are common presentations among children, while presenile [[dementia]], [[hydrocephalus]] (an abnormality of the dynamics of the [[cerebrospinal fluid]]), and [[urinary incontinence]] are [[symptoms]] for the [[elderly]] [[Patient|patients]] (65 and older).
*For more information, click [[Arachnoid cyst|here]].
 
===Huntington's Disease===
 
* [[Huntington's disease]] is a degenerative [[Neurological disorders|neurological disorder]] that is inherited.
* Degeneration of [[Neuron|neuronal cells]] occurs throughout the [[brain]], especially in the [[striatum]].
* There is a progressive decline that results in abnormal movements.<ref name="urlHuntington's Disease">{{cite web |url=http://www.hdsa.org/living-with-huntingtons/family-care/stages-of-hd.html |title=Huntington's Disease |publisher=Hdsa.org |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
* Statistics show that Huntington’s disease may affect 10 per 100,000 people of Western European descent.
*For more information, click [[Huntington's disease|here]].
 
===Alzheimer’s Disease===
 
* [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer’s disease]] is a [[Neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative]] disorder typically found in people over the age of 65 years.
* Worldwide, approximately 24 million people have [[dementia]]; 60% of these cases are due to [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer’s disease]].
* [[Medical sign|Clinical sign]] of [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer’s disease]] is progressive cognition deterioration.
* The ultimate cause is unknown.
*For more information, click [[Alzheimer's disease|here]].


===Huntington's===
===Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)===
Huntington's disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that is inherited. Degeneration of neuronal cells occurs throughout the brain, especially in the [[striatum]]. There is a progressive decline that results in abnormal movements.<ref name="urlHuntington's Disease">{{cite web |url=http://www.hdsa.org/living-with-huntingtons/family-care/stages-of-hd.html |title=Huntington's Disease |publisher=Hdsa.org |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> Statistics show that Huntington’s disease may affect 10 per 100,000 people of Western European descent.


===Alzheimer’s===
* [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]] (often highly debated and controversial) is now largely considered to be a genuine organic disorder of the [[nervous system]], according to the United States government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/brain-studies-show-adhd-real-disease/story?id=4508193#.UYB2rKLvu_o |title=Brain Studies Show ADHD Is Real Disease - ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genome.gov/10004300#al-1 |title=ADHD Study: General Information |publisher=Genome.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/202997.php |title=MNT - ADHD Is A Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Scientists Reveal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736 |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssdrc.com/attention-deficit.html |title=Social Security Disability Ssi And Adhd, Attention Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder |publisher=Ssdrc.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
Alzheimer’s is a [[Neurodegeneration|neurodegenerative]] disease typically found in people over the age of 65 years. Worldwide, approximately 24 million people have [[dementia]]; 60% of these cases are due to Alzheimer’s. The ultimate cause is unknown. The clinical sign of Alzheimer’s is progressive cognition deterioration.
* It can be seriously debilitating in the severe forms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/112.00-MentalDisorders-Childhood.htm |title=112.00-MentalDisorders-Childhood |publisher=Ssa.gov |date=2013-05-31 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
* The [[Symptom|symptoms]] are thought to be caused by structural as well as biochemical imbalances in the [[brain]]; in particular, low levels of the [[Neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]] [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]], which are responsible for controlling and maintaining attention and movement.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/adhd/adhd1.htm |title=Discovery Health "Causes of ADHD and the ADHD Brain" |publisher=Health.howstuffworks.com |date=2008-09-02 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/guide/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |title=What Is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know |publisher=Webmd.com |date=2008-09-18 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
* Many people with [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]] continue to have [[Symptom|symptoms]] well into adulthood.<ref name="mayoclinic.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/adult-adhd/DS01161 |title=Adult ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) |publisher=MayoClinic.com |date=2013-03-07 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
* Also of note is an increased risk of the development of [[Dementia with Lewy bodies|Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)]], and a direct [[genetic]] association of [[attention deficit disorder]] to [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref>http://www.empr.com/parkinsonism-adhd-common-genetic-link/article/359385/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110118092132.htm |title=Adult ADHD significantly increases risk of common form of dementia, study finds |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03064.x |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2011-02-06 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dementiawithlewybodies/dementiawithlewybodies.htm |title=Dementia With Lewy Bodies Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) |publisher=Ninds.nih.gov |date=2013-06-06 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22166445 Synucleinopathies from bench to be... [Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012&#93; - PubMed - NCBI<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.jci.org/articles/view/73778</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dopasolution.com/attention-deficit-disorder/|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
*For more information, click [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|here]].


===Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)===
===Locked-in Syndrome===


ADHD ([[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies|often highly debated & controversial]]) is now largely considered to be a genuine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Healthday/brain-studies-show-adhd-real-disease/story?id=4508193#.UYB2rKLvu_o |title=Brain Studies Show ADHD Is Real Disease - ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> organic disorder of the nervous system, according to the United States government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genome.gov/10004300#al-1 |title=ADHD Study: General Information |publisher=Genome.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/202997.php |title=MNT - ADHD Is A Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Scientists Reveal |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736 |publisher=Medicalnewstoday.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssdrc.com/attention-deficit.html |title=Social Security Disability Ssi And Adhd, Attention Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder |publisher=Ssdrc.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> ADHD, which in severe cases can be debilitating,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssa.gov/disability/professionals/bluebook/112.00-MentalDisorders-Childhood.htm |title=112.00-MentalDisorders-Childhood |publisher=Ssa.gov |date=2013-05-31 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> has symptoms thought to be caused by structural as well as biochemical imbalances in the brain;<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://health.howstuffworks.com/mental-health/adhd/adhd1.htm |title=Discovery Health "Causes of ADHD and the ADHD Brain" |publisher=Health.howstuffworks.com |date=2008-09-02 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> in particular, low levels of the neurotransmitters [[dopamine]] and norepinephrine,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/guide/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd |title=What Is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know |publisher=Webmd.com |date=2008-09-18 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> which are responsible for controlling and maintaining attention and movement. Many people with ADHD continue to have symptoms well into adulthood.<ref name="mayoclinic.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/adult-adhd/DS01161 |title=Adult ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) |publisher=MayoClinic.com |date=2013-03-07 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> Also of note is an increased risk of the development of [[Dementia with Lewy bodies]], or (DLB), & a direct genetic association of [[Attention deficit disorder]] to [[Parkinson's disease]]<ref>http://www.empr.com/parkinsonism-adhd-common-genetic-link/article/359385/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110118092132.htm |title=Adult ADHD significantly increases risk of common form of dementia, study finds |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03064.x |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=2011-02-06 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> two progressive, and serious, neurological diseases whose symptoms often occur in people over age 65.<ref name="mayoclinic.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dementiawithlewybodies/dementiawithlewybodies.htm |title=Dementia With Lewy Bodies Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) |publisher=Ninds.nih.gov |date=2013-06-06 |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22166445 Synucleinopathies from bench to be... [Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012&#93; - PubMed - NCBI<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>http://www.jci.org/articles/view/73778</ref>
*[[Locked-In syndrome|Locked-in syndrome]] usually results from a [[stroke]] that damages part of the [[Brain stem|brainstem]].
* In this condition, the [[body]] and most of the facial muscles are [[Paralysis|paralysed]] but consciousness remains intact along with the ability to perform certain [[Eye movement|eye movements]].
*For more information, click [[Locked-In syndrome|here]].


===Locked-in syndrome===
===Parkinson's Disease===
A medical condition, usually resulting from a stroke that damages part of the brainstem, in which the body and most of the facial muscles are paralysed but consciousness remains and the ability to perform certain eye movements is preserved.


===Parkinson's===
* [[Parkinson’s disease]] (PD) is a progressive illness of the [[nervous system]].  
Parkinson’s disease, or PD, is a progressive illness of the nervous system. Caused by the death of dopamine-producing brain cells that affect motor skills and speech. Symptoms may include [[bradykinesia]] (slow physical movement), muscle rigidity, and tremors. Behavior, thinking, sensation disorders, and the sometimes co-morbid skin condition [[Seborrheic dermatitis]] are just some of PD's numerous nonmotor symptoms. Interestingly, [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder]] (ADHD) & [[Bi-polar disorder]], all appear to have some connection to one another, as all three nervous system disorders involve lower than normal levels of the brain chemical [[dopamine]](In ADHD, Parkinson's, & the depressive phase of Bi-polar disorder.) or too much dopamine(In,Mania or Manic states of [[Bi-polar disorder]].) in different areas of the brain:<ref name="livestrong.com">[http://www.livestrong.com/article/271723-adhd-and-parkinsons/ ADHD and Parkinson's | LIVESTRONG.COM<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="livestrong.com" /><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982908 Association of Parkinson's disease wit...]</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140703102657.htm</ref><ref>http://www.hindawi.com/journals/crim/2011/154165/</ref>
* It is caused by the death of dopamine-producing [[Brain cell|brain cells]] that affect [[Motor skill|motor skills]] and [[speech]].  
*[[Symptom|Symptoms]] may include [[bradykinesia]] (slow physical movement), [[muscle rigidity]], and [[Tremor|tremors]].  
*Behavioral changes, thinking disturbance, sensation disorders, and [[seborrheic dermatitis]] are some of PD's numerous non-motor [[Symptom|symptoms]].  
*Interestingly, [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder|attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]], and [[bipolar disorder]] appear to have some connection to one another, as all three [[nervous system]] disorders involve lower than normal levels of the [[dopamine]] (In [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[Parkinson's disease|PD]], and the depressive phase of [[bipolar disorder]]) or too much [[dopamine]] (In [[mania]] or [[Mania|manic]] states of [[bipolar disorder]]) in different areas of the [[brain]].<ref name="livestrong.com">[http://www.livestrong.com/article/271723-adhd-and-parkinsons/ ADHD and Parkinson's | LIVESTRONG.COM<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="livestrong.com" /><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17982908 Association of Parkinson's disease wit...]</ref><ref>http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140703102657.htm</ref><ref>http://www.hindawi.com/journals/crim/2011/154165/</ref>
*For more information, click [[Parkinson's disease|here]].


===Tourette's===
===Tourette's Syndrome===
{{Main|Tourette's syndrome}}
* [[Tourette's syndrome]] is an inherited [[Neurological disorders|neurological disorder]].  
Tourette's syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder. Early onset may be during childhood, and it is characterized by physical and verbal [[tics]]. The exact cause of Tourette's, other than genetic factors, is unknown.
* Early onset may be during childhood, and it is characterized by physical and verbal [[tics]].  
* The exact cause of [[Tourette's syndrome]], other than [[genetic]] factors, is unknown.
*For more information, click [[Tourette syndrome|here]].


===Multiple sclerosis===
===Multiple sclerosis===
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory [[demyelinating disease]], meaning that the [[myelin sheath]] of [[neuron]]s is damaged. Symptoms of MS include visual and sensation problems, muscle weakness, and [[Depression (mood)|depression]].
 
* [[Multiple sclerosis|Multiple sclerosis (MS)]] is a [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]], [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] [[demyelinating disease]], meaning that the [[myelin sheath]] of [[neuron]]s is damaged.  
* [[Symptom|Symptoms]] of [[Multiple sclerosis|MS]] include visual and sensation problems, [[muscle weakness]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]].
*For more information, click [[Multiple sclerosis|here]].


==Causes==
==Causes==


===Trauma===
===Trauma===
Any type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) or injury done to the spinal cord can result in a wide spectrum of disabilities in a person. Depending on the section of the brain or spinal cord that suffers the trauma, the outcome may be anticipated.
 
* Any type of [[Traumatic brain injury|traumatic brain injury (TBI)]] or [[injury]] to the [[spinal cord]] can result in a wide spectrum of disabilities in a person.  
* Depending on the section of the [[brain]] or [[spinal cord]] that suffers the [[Physical trauma|trauma]], the outcome may be anticipated.


===Infections===
===Infections===
Infectious diseases are transmitted in several ways. Some of these infections may affect the brain or spinal cord directly. Generally, an [[infection]] is a disease that is caused by the invasion of a microorganism or virus.
 
* An [[infection]] is a condition that results from the invasion by [[Microorganism|microorganisms]].
* [[Infectious disease|Infectious diseases]] are transmitted in several ways.  
* Some of these [[Infection|infections]] may affect the [[brain]] or [[spinal cord]] directly.  


===Degeneration===
===Degeneration===
Degenerative spinal disorders involve a loss of function in the spine. Pressure on the spinal cord and nerves may be associated with [[herniation]] or disc displacement. Brain degeneration also causes central nervous system diseases. Studies have shown that [[obese]] people may have severe degeneration in the brain due to loss of tissue affecting [[cognition]].


===Structural defects===
* Degenerative spinal disorders involve a loss of function in the spine.
Common structural defects include birth defects,<ref name="urlBirth Defects">{{cite web |url=http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/ill/birth_defects.html |title=Birth Defects |publisher=Kidshealth.org |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> [[anencephaly]], [[hypospadias]], and [[spina bifida]]. Children born with structural defects may have malformed limbs, heart problems, and facial abnormalities.
* Pressure on the [[spinal cord]] and [[Nerve|nerves]] may be associated with vertebral disc herniation or displacement.
* [[Brain]] degeneration also causes [[central nervous system]] [[Disease|diseases]].
* Studies have shown that [[obese]] people may have severe degeneration in the [[brain]] due to the loss of tissue affecting [[cognition]].
 
===Structural Defects===
 
* Common structural defects include [[Congenital disorder|birth defects]], [[anencephaly]], [[hypospadias]], and [[spina bifida]].<ref name="urlBirth Defects">{{cite web |url=http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/ill/birth_defects.html |title=Birth Defects |publisher=Kidshealth.org |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
* Children born with structural defects may have malformed [[Limb (anatomy)|limbs]], [[heart]] problems, and [[facial]] abnormalities.


===Tumors===
===Tumors===
A [[tumor]] is an abnormal growth of body tissue. In the beginning, tumors can be noncancerous, but if they become malignant, they are cancerous. In general, they appear when there is a problem with [[cellular division]]. Problems with the body’s [[immune system]] can lead to tumors.


===Autoimmune disorders===
* A [[tumor]] is an abnormal growth of [[Tissue (biology)|body tissue]].
An [[autoimmune disorder]] is a condition where in the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. This is caused by a loss of tolerance to proteins in the body, resulting in immune cells recognising these as 'foreign' and directing an immune response against them.
* In the beginning, [[Tumor|tumors]] can be non-cancerous, but if they become [[malignant]], they are cancerous.
* In general, they appear when there is a problem with [[cellular division]].
* Problems with the body’s [[immune system]] can also lead to [[tumor]] development.
 
===Autoimmune Disorders===
 
* An [[autoimmune disorder]] is a condition where the [[immune system]] attacks healthy [[Tissue (biology)|body tissue]].  
* This is caused by a loss of tolerance to [[Protein|proteins]] in the [[Human body|body]], resulting in [[immune cells]] recognizing these as 'foreign' and directing an immune response against them.
*For more information, click [[Autoimmune disorders|here]].


===Stroke===
===Stroke===
A stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to the brain. Approximately every 40 seconds, someone in the US has a stroke.<ref name="urlStroke">{{cite web |url=http://www.hearthealthywomen.org/index.php?view=article&id=581 |title=Stroke |publisher=Hearthealthywomen.org |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref> This is can happen when a [[blood vessel]] is blocked by a [[blood clot]] or when a blood vessel ruptures, causing blood to leak to the brain. If the brain cannot get enough oxygen and blood, brain cells can die, leading to permanent damage.


==Signs and symptoms==
* A [[stroke]] is an interruption of the [[blood]] supply to the [[brain]].
Every disease has different [[Medical sign|signs]] and [[symptoms]]. Some of them are persistent headache; pain in the face, back, arms, or legs; an inability to concentrate; loss of feeling; memory loss; loss of muscle strength; [[tremors]]; seizures; increased reflexes, spasticity,  tics; paralysis; and [[slurred speech]]. One should seek medical attention if affected by these.
* Approximately every 40 seconds, someone in the US has a [[stroke]].<ref name="urlStroke">{{cite web |url=http://www.hearthealthywomen.org/index.php?view=article&id=581 |title=Stroke |publisher=Hearthealthywomen.org |accessdate=2013-10-30}}</ref>
* This can happen when a [[blood vessel]] is blocked by a [[blood clot]] or when a [[blood vessel]] ruptures, causing [[blood]] to leak to the [[brain]].
* If the [[brain]] can not get enough [[oxygen]] and [[blood]], [[Brain cell|brain cells]] can die, leading to permanent damage.
*For more information, click [[Stroke|here]].
 
==Signs and Symptoms==
 
* Every [[disease]] has different [[Medical sign|signs]] and [[symptoms]].  
* Some of the [[Medical sign|signs]] and [[Symptom|symptoms]] are listed below:
**[[Headache]]
** [[Pain]] in the [[face]], [[Human back|back]], [[Arm|arms]], or [[Leg|legs]]
** An inability to concentrate  
** Loss of feeling  
**[[Memory loss]]
** Loss of [[muscle]] strength
** [[Tremors]]  
**[[Seizure|Seizures]]
** Increased reflexes  
**[[Spasticity]]
**[[Tic|Tics]]
**[[Paralysis]]
** [[Slurred speech]]
 
==Treatment==


==Treatments==
* There is a wide range of treatment modalities available for [[central nervous system]] [[Disease|diseases]].  
There is a wide range of treatments for central nervous system diseases. These can range from surgery to [[Physical therapy|rehabilitation]] or prescribed medications.
* These can range from medical therapy or [[Physical therapy|rehabilitation]] to [[surgery]].


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 22:35, 25 September 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]

Overview

A central nervous system (CNS) disease can affect either the spinal cord (myelopathy) or brain (encephalopathy), both of which are part of the central nervous system.

CNS Composition and Functions

Spinal Cord

Brain

  • It allows the body to function.
  • The brain is protected by the skull; however, if the brain is damaged, the results to the human body can be very consequential.
  • For more information, click here.

Types of Disease

Bipolar Disorder

Catalepsy

Epilepsy/Seizures

Encephalitis

Meningitis

Migraine

Tropical Spastic Paraparesis

Arachnoid Cysts

Huntington's Disease

  • Huntington's disease is a degenerative neurological disorder that is inherited.
  • Degeneration of neuronal cells occurs throughout the brain, especially in the striatum.
  • There is a progressive decline that results in abnormal movements.[8]
  • Statistics show that Huntington’s disease may affect 10 per 100,000 people of Western European descent.
  • For more information, click here.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Locked-in Syndrome

Parkinson's Disease

Tourette's Syndrome

Multiple sclerosis

Causes

Trauma

Infections

Degeneration

  • Degenerative spinal disorders involve a loss of function in the spine.
  • Pressure on the spinal cord and nerves may be associated with vertebral disc herniation or displacement.
  • Brain degeneration also causes central nervous system diseases.
  • Studies have shown that obese people may have severe degeneration in the brain due to the loss of tissue affecting cognition.

Structural Defects

Tumors

Autoimmune Disorders

Stroke

Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Organization of the Nervous System". Users.rcn.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  2. ↑ http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/bipolar-disorder/index.shtml
  3. ↑ http://www.hindawi.com/journals/crim/2011/154165/
  4. ↑ What Is Catalepsy?
  5. ↑ "How Serious Are Seizures?". Epilepsy.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  6. ↑ "West Nile Virus". Medicinenet.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  7. ↑ "How the Brain Works". Arachnoidcyst.org. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  8. ↑ "Huntington's Disease". Hdsa.org. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  9. ↑ "Brain Studies Show ADHD Is Real Disease - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  10. ↑ "ADHD Study: General Information". Genome.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  11. ↑ "MNT - ADHD Is A Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorder, Scientists Reveal". Medicalnewstoday.com. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  12. ↑ "Social Security Disability Ssi And Adhd, Attention Deficity Hyperactivity Disorder". Ssdrc.com. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  13. ↑ "112.00-MentalDisorders-Childhood". Ssa.gov. 2013-05-31. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  14. ↑ "Discovery Health "Causes of ADHD and the ADHD Brain"". Health.howstuffworks.com. 2008-09-02. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  15. ↑ "What Is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: What You Need to Know". Webmd.com. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  16. ↑ "Adult ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)". MayoClinic.com. 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  17. ↑ http://www.empr.com/parkinsonism-adhd-common-genetic-link/article/359385/
  18. ↑ "Adult ADHD significantly increases risk of common form of dementia, study finds". Sciencedaily.com. 2011-02-06. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03064.x. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  19. ↑ "Dementia With Lewy Bodies Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". Ninds.nih.gov. 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  20. ↑ Synucleinopathies from bench to be... [Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012] - PubMed - NCBI
  21. ↑ http://www.jci.org/articles/view/73778
  22. ↑ https://dopasolution.com/attention-deficit-disorder/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 ADHD and Parkinson's | LIVESTRONG.COM
  24. ↑ Association of Parkinson's disease wit...
  25. ↑ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140703102657.htm
  26. ↑ http://www.hindawi.com/journals/crim/2011/154165/
  27. ↑ "Birth Defects". Kidshealth.org. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
  28. ↑ "Stroke". Hearthealthywomen.org. Retrieved 2013-10-30.

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