Celiac disease historical perspective
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]
Overview
Since the advent of human life on the earth, human beings have met their nutritional demands through hunting. In times of scarce supply of food from animal sources humans used to turn to fruits, seeds, and nuts for their nutritional needs. About 8,000 years ago, Aretaeus, a Greek physician from Cappadocia, wrote a total of 8 books about different topics of medicine. In one of his books, he described a patient with celiac disease and called it 'koiliakos'. It came from Greek word of 'koelia' (abdomen), explaining diarrhea as the stomach being irretentive of the food and passage of undigested material through the gastrointestinal tract. This assumption later formed the basis of explanation of various diseases presenting as chronic malabsorptive diarrhea, including celiac disease. In October 1887, Samuel Gee, an English pediatrician, comprehensively explained celiac disease in one of his lectures, which was later published. Gee was of the opinion that if a patient affected by celiac disease can be cured at all, it must be by means of diet. He also added that the percentage of farinaceous food intake in celiac patients must be low. He also I introduced the concept of gluten-free diet as a relief of symptoms.
Historical Perspective
Here is the historical perspective of celiac disease at a glance
| From beginning the human beings life | 2.5 million years ago | Hunting and eating meat, fruits, seeds, and nuts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10,000 years ago | Neolithic period | Agriculture been discovered. New sorts of antigens have produced to human beings daily regimen (cow, goat, and donkey milks' proteins, birds' eggs, and different cereals). Celiac disease involved the people for the first time. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discovery | 2,000 years ago | Aretaeus Cappadocian clever Greek physician | Described Celiac disease, called it koiliakos. It came from Greek word of 'koelia (abdomen), means "suffered abdomen" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1812 | Mathew Baillie Scottish physician | Described some adult patients experiencing malnutrition and bloating abdomen along with chronic diarrhea due to specific regimen | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1887 | Samuel Gee English leading authority in pediatrics | Gained the full credit of explanation of Celiac disease, presenting "Celiac affection" lecture | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1924 | Sidney Haas New York city pediatrician | Used a new dietetic therapeutic option for 10 children with Celiac disease, the banana diet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1949 | Wood Australian gastroenterologist | Invented a simple flexible biopsy tube which can be used for GI biopsies without need to X-ray or gastroscope | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Wim Dicke Dutch pediatrician | Suggested in his doctoral thesis that elimination of wheat, rye, and oats from diet would be result in reasonable cure | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1950 | Wim Dicke's colleagues, Weijers and Van de Kamer | Presented stool fat measurement as a way to diagnosis of the Celiac disease | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1954 | John Paulley English pathologist from Ipswich | Discovered the main pathophysiology of Celiac disease, the histological abnormalities in small intestine lining | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diagnosis | 1955 | Marcelo Royer Argentinian gastroenterologist from Buenos Aires | Developed a reliable technique for duodenal biopsy under fluoroscopic vision | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1956 | Margot Shiner German-British gastroenterologist | Developed a reliable technique for duodenal biopsy under fluoroscopic vision | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1964 | Berger Switzerland immunologist | Detected and reported anti gliadin antibodies in Celiac children | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1969 | European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology (today ESPGHAN) | Present the diagnostic tool of “Interlaken criteria”, which was used for about 20 years | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1971 | Seah British doctor | Found auto-antibody, the anti-reticulin; showed that antibody is not necessarily an anti-food protein | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1983 | Chorzelski Polish dermatologist from Warsaw | Discovered anti-endomysium antibodies in Celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Treatment | Recently | Main guidelines | • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ, 2004)[1] • American Gastroenterological Association (AGA, 2006)[2] • North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NSPGHAN, 2005)[3] • European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN, 2012)[4] • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2015)[5] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Discovery
- From beginning of human being life on the earth, he met his nutritional demands through hunting. Whenever the conditions became severe and there were not any hunting for a while, inevitably, he came to fruits, seeds, and nuts.[6]
- From 10,000 years ago the mankind learnt to cultivate and agriculture. He has experienced sort of foods that has not experienced for 2.5 million years.[7]
- The main revolution of the agriculture and cultivation was of Neolithic period, in which some new sorts of antigens have produced to human beings daily regimen, such as cow, goat, and donkey milks' proteins, along with various birds' eggs, and also different cereals.[6]
- Among the products of agriculture, wheat showing a good rate of multiplication and also good resistance to harvesting, became the main food source of agriculture mankind.[8]
- There were no problems with the new regimen for a long time, till some members of the tribe faced with new problems, after eating wheat.
- About 2,000 years ago, Aretaeus, a clever Greek physician from Cappadocia, has written total of 8 books about different topics of medicine. In one of his books, he completely described a patient with celiac disease, called it 'koiliakos'. It came from Greek word of 'koelia' (abdomen), represent as “if the stomach be irretentive of the food and if it pass through undigested and crude, and nothing ascends into the body, we call such persons coeliacs”.[6]
- 17 centuries later, in early 19th century, Mathew Baillie, an Scottish physician, probably unaware of Aretaeus, presented his point of view about some adult patients experiencing malnutrition and bloating abdomen along with chronic diarrhea due to specific regimen, “some patients have appeared to derive considerable advantage from living almost entirely upon rice". Unfortunately, his work was not considered so much.[6]
- In October 1887, Samuel Gee, an English leading authority in pediatrics, has gained the full credit of explanation of celiac disease, presenting "celiac affection" lecture to medical students; which is published next year. Gee mentioned that "If the patient can be cured at all, it must be by means of diet".[9] He also added that "the allowance of farinaceous food must be small".[10] He also found the gluten-free diet as a relief, the symptoms relapse when gluten introduced again.[6]
- In 1920s, Sidney Haas, a New York city pediatrician, used a new dietetic therapeutic option for 10 children with celiac disease, the banana diet; regarding his previous successful experience in treating a child with anorexia nervosa by the regimen. He presented the results as 8 of them "clinically cured" and remained 2 died.[11]
- In 1949, Wood, an Australian gastroenterologist, invented a simple flexible biopsy tube which can be used for GI biopsies without need to X-ray or gastroscope.[12]
- In 1950, Wim Dicke, a Dutch pediatrician, suggested in his doctoral thesis that elimination of wheat, rye, and oats from diet would be result in reasonable cure. He found that the pathological factor is gluten, indeed.[13]
- At the same time, Wim Dicke's colleagues, Weijers and Van de Kamer, presented a way to diagnosis of the celiac disease, stool fat measurement.[14]
- In 1954, John Paulley, a pathologist from Ipswich in England, discovered the histological abnormalities in small intestine lining as the main pathophysiology of celiac disease.[15]
Diagnosis
- In 1955, Marcelo Royer, a gastroenterologist from Buenos Aires, developed a reliable technique for duodenal biopsy under fluoroscopic vision. He was inspired by Wood's instrument in this way.[16]
- In 1956, Margot Shiner, a German-British gastroenterologist, also developed a reliable technique for duodenal biopsy under fluoroscopic vision. He was inspired by Wood's instrument in this way.[17]
- In 1986, the Coeliac society on United Kingdom was founded. Similar societies also became founded around the world.
- In the mid to late 60’s, the main route of diagnosing the celiac disease was assumed as jejunal biopsy, showing villus atrophy. But regarding that the atrophy of villi may have some other causes, the diagnosis could not be approved until it is found that the cause of atrophy is gluten.
- In 1964, Berger, a Switzerland immunologist, detected and reported anti gliadin antibodies in celiac children.[18]
- In 1969, European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology (today ESPGHAN), present the diagnostic tool of “Interlaken criteria”, which was used for about 20 years. The criteria composed of full remission of the symptoms upon being on gluten-free diet, along with curing the atrophic lesions in GI lumen, and finally recurrence of the disease once the gluten start again.[6]
- In 1971, Seah, a British doctor, found that the antibody is not necessarily an anti-food protein, but it is actually an auto-antibody, the anti-reticulin.[19]
- In 1983, Chorzelski, a dermatologist from Warsaw, discovered anti-endomysium antibodies in celiac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis.[20]
Treatment
- The main management guidelines are issued by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ, 2004)[1], the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA, 2006)[2], the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NSPGHAN, 2005)[3], the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN, 2012)[4]
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2015)[5].
Outbreaks
- There have been just one outbreak of celiac disease in Sweden, which is summarized below:[21]
- Regarding that the celiac disease has some genetic, immune mediated and chronic features, rarely can contributed to an outbreak.
- This is quite unique for celiac disease, suggests some evolution in causal factors or environment in Swedish children population.
- It is assumed that every outbreaks can be caused by introducing large amounts of gluten contained foods to children, right after breast milk.
- By the beginning of outbreak the rise in girls was more than boys.
- Children that were born in summer have higher rate of celiac disease, probably due to high gluten foods during the winter, when the infections are more common.
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In October 1887, Samuel Gee, an English leading authority in pediatrics, has gain the full credit of explanation of celiac disease, presenting "celiac affection" lecture to medical students; which is published next year. Gee mentioned that "If the patient can be cured at all, it must be by means of diet".[9] He also added that "the allowance of farinaceous food must be small".[10] He also found the gluten-free diet as a relief, the symptoms relapse when gluten introduced again.[6]
Famous Cases
- The following are a few famous cases of celiac disease:
- Drew Brees: Star quarterback for the Saints
- Justin Morneau: Twins first baseman Justin Morneau
- Chelsea Clinton: Bill Clinton’s daughter
- Zooey Deschanel: Star of the show “New Girl”
- Novak Djokovic: World renowned tennis player
- Victoria Beckham: Wife of soccer star, David Beckham
- Jessica Simpson: Actress
- Amy Yoder Begley: Olympic runner
- Ryan Phillippe: MacGruber star
- Susie Essman: Mostly known for her role on the show “Curb Your Enthusiasm”
- Rachel Weisz: Appeared in films such as “Constantine” and “The Mummy”
- Heidi Collins: A news anchor for CNN
- Robin McGraw: Dr. Phil’s wife
- Keith Olbermann: A broadcaster for Fox and ESPN
- Cedric Benson: Cincinnati Bengals running back
- Josh Turner: Famed country singer
- Elisabeth Hasselbeck: Member of “The View”
- Emmy Rossum: Known for her glamorous acting
- Dana Vollmer: U.S. swimmer
- James Starks: Green Bay Packers running back
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Celiac Disease: Summary - AHRQ Evidence Report Summaries - NCBI Bookshelf".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rostom A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF (2006). "American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease". Gastroenterology. 131 (6): 1981–2002. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.10.004. PMID 17087937.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS, Colletti RB, Fasano A, Guandalini S, Hoffenberg EJ, Horvath K, Murray JA, Pivor M, Seidman EG (2005). "Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 40 (1): 1–19. PMID 15625418.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, Troncone R, Giersiepen K, Branski D, Catassi C, Lelgeman M, Mäki M, Ribes-Koninckx C, Ventura A, Zimmer KP (2012). "European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 54 (1): 136–60. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e31821a23d0. PMID 22197856.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management | Guidance and guidelines | NICE".
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 "www.cureceliacdisease.org" (PDF).
- ↑ Guandalini, Stefano (2008). "Historical Perspective of Celiac Disease": 1–11. doi:10.1159/000128267.
- ↑ Guandalini, Stefano (2008). "Historical Perspective of Celiac Disease": 1–11. doi:10.1159/000128267.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Dowd B, Walker-Smith J (1974). "Samuel Gee, Aretaeus, and the coeliac affection". Br Med J. 2 (5909): 45–7. PMC 1610148. PMID 4595183.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Losowsky MS (2008). "A history of coeliac disease". Dig Dis. 26 (2): 112–20. doi:10.1159/000116768. PMID 18431060.
- ↑ Haas, Sidney V. (1932). "CELIAC DISEASE". Journal of the American Medical Association. 99 (6): 448. doi:10.1001/jama.1932.02740580016004. ISSN 0002-9955.
- ↑ Wood, I (1949). "GASTRIC BIOPSY REPORT ON FIFTY-FIVE BIOPSIES USING A NEW FLEXIBLE GASTRIC BIOPSY TUBE". The Lancet. 253 (6540): 18–21. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(49)90344-X. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Dicke, W. K.; Weijers, H. A.; KAMER, J. H. v. D. (1953). "Coeliac Disease The Presence in Wheat of a Factor Having a Deleterious Effect in Cases of Coeliac Disease". Acta Paediatrica. 42 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1953.tb05563.x. ISSN 0803-5253.
- ↑ Kamer, J. H. Van De; Weijers, H. A.; Dicke, W. K. (1953). "Coeliac Disease: An Investigation into the Injurious Constituents of Wheat in Connection with their Action on Patients with Coeliac Disease". Acta Paediatrica. 42 (3): 223–231. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1953.tb05586.x. ISSN 0803-5253.
- ↑ Paulley, J. W. (1954). "Observations on the Aetiology of Idiopathic Steatorrhoea". BMJ. 2 (4900): 1318–1321. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4900.1318. ISSN 0959-8138.
- ↑ ROYER M, CROXATTO O, BIEMPICA L, BALCAZAR MORRISON AJ (1955). "[Duodenal biopsy by aspiration under radioscopic control]". Prensa Med Argent (in Spanish; Castilian). 42 (33): 2515–9. PMID 13289533.
- ↑ Shiner, Margot (1956). "DUODENAL BIOPSY". The Lancet. 267 (6906): 17–19. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(56)91854-2. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ "Diagnostische Bewertung des Nachweises von Gliadin-Antikörpern bei Cöliakie | SpringerLink".
- ↑ Seah PP, Fry L, Hoffbrand AV, Holborow EJ (1971). "Tissue antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis and adult coeliac disease". Lancet. 1 (7704): 834–6. PMID 4102529.
- ↑ Chorzelski, T.P.; Beutner, E.H.; Sulej, J.; Tchorzewska, H.; Jablonska, S.; Kumar, V.; Kapuscinska, A. (1984). "IgA anti-endomysium antibody. A new immunological marker of dermatitis herpetiformis and coeliac disease". British Journal of Dermatology. 111 (4): 395–402. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb06601.x. ISSN 0007-0963.
- ↑ Ivarsson A (2005). "The Swedish epidemic of coeliac disease explored using an epidemiological approach--some lessons to be learnt". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 19 (3): 425–40. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2005.02.005. PMID 15925847.