Cardiogenic shock risk factors

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

Overview

The identification of high-risk groups for developing cardiogenic shock and its promoting factors is mandatory for the improvement of the survival rate of these patients. This will facilitate the providing of adequate therapeutic measures and the avoidance of others which would otherwise lead to iatrogenic shock.[1] Considering that the most common cause of cardiogenic shock is acute coronary syndrome, either with or without persistent ST-segment elevation, these patients are at higher risk and will benefit highly from these measures.[2]

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

According to several studies and considering that left ventricular dysfunction is the most common cause of developing cardiogenic shock following myocardial infarction, the most common risk factors for this condition include:

Specific Risk Factors

According to the etiology of the shock post-myocardial infarction, the different risk factors may have different importances in each cause:[14]

  • Right Ventricular Infarction
  • Acute Mitral Regurgitation
  • Ventricular Septal Rupture
  • Free-Wall Rupture/Tamponade

References

  1. Hasdai, David. (2002). Cardiogenic shock : diagnosis and treatmen. Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press. ISBN 1-58829-025-5.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Hasdai D, Harrington RA, Hochman JS, Califf RM, Battler A, Box JW; et al. (2000). "Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade and outcome of cardiogenic shock complicating acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation". J Am Coll Cardiol. 36 (3): 685–92. PMID 10987585.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Hands, Mark E.; Rutherford, John D.; Muller, James E.; Davies, Glenn; Stone, Peter H.; Parker, Corette; Braunwald, Eugene (1989). "The in-hospital development of cardiogenic shock after myocardial infarction: Incidence, predictors of occurrence, outcome and prognostic factors". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 14 (1): 40–46. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(89)90051-X. ISSN 0735-1097.
  4. Hasdai D, Califf RM, Thompson TD, Hochman JS, Ohman EM, Pfisterer M; et al. (2000). "Predictors of cardiogenic shock after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol. 35 (1): 136–43. PMID 10636271.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Leor J, Goldbourt U, Reicher-Reiss H, Kaplinsky E, Behar S (1993). "Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction in patients without heart failure on admission: incidence, risk factors, and outcome. SPRINT Study Group". Am J Med. 94 (3): 265–73. PMID 8452150.
  6. Zeller M, Cottin Y, Brindisi MC, Dentan G, Laurent Y, Janin-Manificat L; et al. (2004). "Impaired fasting glucose and cardiogenic shock in patients with acute myocardial infarction". Eur Heart J. 25 (4): 308–12. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.12.014. PMID 14984919.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hathaway WR, Peterson ED, Wagner GS, Granger CB, Zabel KM, Pieper KS; et al. (1998). "Prognostic significance of the initial electrocardiogram in patients with acute myocardial infarction. GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries". JAMA. 279 (5): 387–91. PMID 9459474.
  8. Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Barbagelata A, Goodman SG; et al. (1998). "Acute myocardial infarction and complete bundle branch block at hospital admission: clinical characteristics and outcome in the thrombolytic era. GUSTO-I Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA [tissue-type plasminogen activator] for Occluded Coronary Arteries". J Am Coll Cardiol. 31 (1): 105–10. PMID 9426026.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Reynolds, H. R.; Hochman, J. S. (2008). "Cardiogenic Shock: Current Concepts and Improving Outcomes". Circulation. 117 (5): 686–697. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.613596. ISSN 0009-7322.
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Hasdai, David; Califf, Robert M.; Thompson, Trevor D.; Hochman, Judith S.; Ohman, E.Magnus; Pfisterer, Matthias; Bates, Eric R.; Vahanian, Alec; Armstrong, Paul W.; Criger, Douglas A.; Topol, Eric J.; Holmes, David R. (2000). "Predictors of cardiogenic shock after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 35 (1): 136–143. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00508-2. ISSN 0735-1097.
  11. Antman, EM.; Hand, M.; Armstrong, PW.; Bates, ER.; Green, LA.; Halasyamani, LK.; Hochman, JS.; Krumholz, HM.; Lamas, GA. (2008). "2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol. 51 (2): 210–47. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.001. PMID 18191746. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. 12.0 12.1 Hasdai D, Holmes DR, Califf RM, Thompson TD, Hochman JS, Pfisterer M; et al. (1999). "Cardiogenic shock complicating acute myocardial infarction: predictors of death. GUSTO Investigators. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue-Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries". Am Heart J. 138 (1 Pt 1): 21–31. PMID 10385759.
  13. Jeger RV, Harkness SM, Ramanathan K, Buller CE, Pfisterer ME, Sleeper LA; et al. (2006). "Emergency revascularization in patients with cardiogenic shock on admission: a report from the SHOCK trial and registry". Eur Heart J. 27 (6): 664–70. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi729. PMID 16423873.
  14. Ng, R.; Yeghiazarians, Y. (2011). "Post Myocardial Infarction Cardiogenic Shock: A Review of Current Therapies". Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. 28 (3): 151–165. doi:10.1177/0885066611411407. ISSN 0885-0666.
  15. Tcheng JE, Jackman JD, Nelson CL, Gardner LH, Smith LR, Rankin JS; et al. (1992). "Outcome of patients sustaining acute ischemic mitral regurgitation during myocardial infarction". Ann Intern Med. 117 (1): 18–24. PMID 1596043.
  16. SANDERS RJ, KERN WH, BLOUNT SG (1956). "Perforation of the interventricular septum complicating myocardial infarction; a report of eight cases, one with cardiac catheterization". Am Heart J. 51 (5): 736–48. PMID 13302144.
  17. Skillington PD, Davies RH, Luff AJ, Williams JD, Dawkins KD, Conway N; et al. (1990). "Surgical treatment for infarct-related ventricular septal defects. Improved early results combined with analysis of late functional status". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 99 (5): 798–808. PMID 2329817.
  18. Hutchins GM (1979). "Rupture of the interventricular septum complicating myocardial infarction: pathological analysis of 10 patients with clinically diagnosed perforations". Am Heart J. 97 (2): 165–73. PMID 760447.
  19. Daggett WM, Buckley MJ, Akins CW, Leinbach RC, Gold HK, Block PC; et al. (1982). "Improved results of surgical management of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture". Ann Surg. 196 (3): 269–77. PMC 1352596. PMID 7114934.
  20. Mann JM, Roberts WC (1988). "Rupture of the left ventricular free wall during acute myocardial infarction: analysis of 138 necropsy patients and comparison with 50 necropsy patients with acute myocardial infarction without rupture". Am J Cardiol. 62 (13): 847–59. PMID 3052010.