Cardiac disease in pregnancy and valvular heart disease: Difference between revisions

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{{Cardiac disease in pregnancy}}
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===Antibiotic Prophylaxis===
===Antibiotic Prophylaxis===
AHA recommendation is that antibody prophylaxis is not necessary for an uncomplicated delivery except among patients with a [[prosthetic heart valve]] or surgically constructed systemic to pulmonary shunt. However, because of the difficulties in predicting complicated deliveries and the potential devastating consequences of [[endocarditis]], '''''antibiotic prophylaxis for vaginal delivery in all patients with [[congenital heart disease]]''''' expect those with an isolated secundum type [[atrial septal defect]] and those six months or more after repair of septal defects or surgical ligation division of a patent duct is [[patent duct arteriosus|arteriosus]], seems reasonable. At the time of delivery, it is recommended that '''''all women with [[valvular heart disease]] receive [[antibiotics]]''''', usually [[penicillin]] and [[gentamycin]]. For those with a [[pencillin allergy]], [[vancomycin]] is used.
AHA recommendation is that antibody prophylaxis is not necessary for an uncomplicated delivery except among patients with a [[prosthetic heart valve]] or surgically constructed systemic to pulmonary shunt. However, because of the difficulties in predicting complicated deliveries and the potential devastating consequences of [[endocarditis]], '''''antibiotic prophylaxis for vaginal delivery in all patients with [[congenital heart disease]]''''' expect those with an isolated secundum type [[atrial septal defect]] and those six months or more after repair of septal defects or surgical ligation division of a patent duct is [[patent duct arteriosus|arteriosus]], seems reasonable. At the time of delivery, it is recommended that '''''all women with [[valvular heart disease]] receive [[antibiotics]]''''', usually [[penicillin]] and [[gentamycin]]. For those with a [[pencillin allergy]], [[vancomycin]] is used.
==2008 and Incorporated 2006 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid18820172">{{cite journal |author=Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, ''et al.'' |title=2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons |journal=Circulation |volume=118 |issue=15 |pages=e523–661 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18820172 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748 |url=}}</ref>==
===Anticoagulation Regimen in Pregnant Patients with Mechanical Prosthetic Valves (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid18820172">{{cite journal |author=Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, ''et al.'' |title=2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons |journal=Circulation |volume=118 |issue=15 |pages=e523–661 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18820172 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748 |url=}}</ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' All pregnant patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]] must receive continuous therapeutic [[anticoagulation]] with frequent                                          monitoring. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' For women requiring long-term [[warfarin]] therapy who are attempting pregnancy, pregnancy tests should be monitored with discussions                                          about subsequent [[anticoagulation]] therapy, so that [[anticoagulation]] can be continued uninterrupted when pregnancy is achieved. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Pregnant patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]] who elect to stop [[warfarin]] between weeks 6 and 12 of [[gestation]] should                                          receive continuous intravenous [[UFH]], dose-adjusted [[UFH]], or dose-adjusted subcutaneous [[LMWH]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''4.''' For pregnant patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]], up to 36 weeks of [[gestation]], the therapeutic choice of continuous                                          intravenous or dose-adjusted subcutaneous [[UFH]], dose-adjusted [[LMWH]]], or [[warfarin]] should be discussed fully. If continuous intravenous                                          [[UFH]] is used, the fetal risk is lower, but the maternal risks of [[prosthetic valve]] [[thrombosis]], [[systemic embolization]], [[infection]],                                          [[osteoporosis]], and [[heparin-induced thrombocytopenia]] are relatively higher. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''5.''' In pregnant patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]] who receive dose-adjusted [[LMWH]], the [[LMWH]] should be administered twice                                          daily subcutaneously to maintain the anti-[[Factor X|Xa]] level between 0.7 and 1.2 U per ml 4 h after administration. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''6.''' In pregnant patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]] who receive dose-adjusted [[UFH]], the [[aPTT]] should be at least twice control. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''7.''' In pregnant patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]] who receive [[warfarin]], the [[INR]] goal should be 3.0 (range 2.5 to 3.5).                                          ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''8.''' In pregnant patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]], [[warfarin]] should be discontinued and continuous intravenous [[UFH]] given                                          starting 2 to 3 weeks before planned delivery. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[LMWH]] should not be administered to pregnant patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]] unless anti-[[Factor X|Xa]] levels are monitored                                          4 to 6 h after administration. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[Dipyridamole]] should not be used instead of [[aspirin]] as an alternative [[antiplatelet agent]] in pregnant patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]] because of its harmful effects on the [[fetus]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' In patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]], it is reasonable to avoid [[warfarin]] between weeks 6 and 12 of [[gestation]] owing                                          to the high risk of fetal defects. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.'''In patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]], it is reasonable to resume [[UFH]] 4 to 6 h after delivery and begin oral [[warfarin]]                                          in the absence of significant bleeding. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' In patients with [[artificial heart valve|mechanical prosthetic valves]], it is reasonable to give low-dose [[aspirin]] (75 to 100 mg per day) in the second                                          and third trimesters of pregnancy in addition to [[anticoagulation]] with [[warfarin]] or [[heparin]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


==2005 ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations for Anticoagulation during Pregnancy <ref name="pmid16053950">{{cite journal| author=Elkayam U, Bitar F| title=Valvular heart disease and pregnancy: part II: prosthetic valves. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 403-10 | pmid=16053950 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.087 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16053950  }} </ref>==
==2005 ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations for Anticoagulation during Pregnancy <ref name="pmid16053950">{{cite journal| author=Elkayam U, Bitar F| title=Valvular heart disease and pregnancy: part II: prosthetic valves. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 403-10 | pmid=16053950 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.087 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16053950  }} </ref>==
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===[[ACCP guidelines classification scheme#Grading Scheme Classification|Grade 2]]===
===[[ACCP guidelines classification scheme#Grading Scheme Classification|Grade 2]]===
'''1.''' In women with prosthetic heart valves at high risk, the guideline developers suggest the addition of low-dose [[aspirin]], 75 to 162 mg/day ''([[ACCP guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''}}
'''1.''' In women with prosthetic heart valves at high risk, the guideline developers suggest the addition of low-dose [[aspirin]], 75 to 162 mg/day ''([[ACCP guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''}}
==Sources==
*2008 ACC/AHA Guidelines incorporated into the 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease <ref name="pmid18820172">{{cite journal |author=Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, ''et al.'' |title=2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons |journal=Circulation |volume=118 |issue=15 |pages=e523–661 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18820172 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748 |url=}}</ref>
*2005 ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations for Anticoagulation during Pregnancy <ref name="pmid16053950">{{cite journal| author=Elkayam U, Bitar F| title=Valvular heart disease and pregnancy: part II: prosthetic valves. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2005 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 403-10 | pmid=16053950 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.087 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16053950  }} </ref>
*Seventh ACCP Conference Recommendation: Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy during Pregnancy in patients with Prosthetic Heart Valve<ref name="pmid15383488">{{cite journal |author=Bates SM, Greer IA, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS |title=Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy |journal=[[Chest]] |volume=126 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=627S–644S |year=2004 |month=September |pmid=15383488 |doi=10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.627S |url=http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15383488 |accessdate=2012-04-16}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 13:41, 28 October 2016

Valvular Heart Disease in Pregnancy Microchapters

Cardiac disease in pregnancy

2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease

Native Valve Stenosis in Pregnancy

Native Valve Regurgitation in Pregnancy

Prosthetic Valves in Pregnancy

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Anjan K. Chakrabarti, M.D. [2]; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [3]

Overview

Rheumatic heart disease remains prevalent in developing countries but is less common in Western countries. Mitral stenosis therefore complicates pregnancy less frequently in Western countries. Bicuspid aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic regurgitation, and prosthetic valves can all be problematic during pregnancy due to physiologic hemodynamic changes.

For a general overview of valvular heart disease, click here.

Specific Issues with Valvular Disease in Pregnancy

Mitral Stenosis

Pathophysiology:
Screening:
  • Patients should have echocardiography prior to proceeding with pregnancy.
  • Exercise echocardiography may be warranted.
Management:
  • Restriction of physical activity and salt intake. Avoid supine position.
  • Judicious use of diuretics and beta-blockade are appropriate in symptomatic cases to lengthen disatolic filling period.
  • Anticoagulation may be necessary in the presence of atrial fibrillation.
  • Consideration of invasive monitoring.
  • Replace blood losses during delivery carefully.
  • Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty has been utilized in symptomatic cases (Class III,IV).[1]
Complications:
For further information about mitral stenosis in general, click here

Mitral Regurgitation

For further information about mitral regurgitation, click here

Aortic Stenosis

  • Generally due to bicuspid aortic valve.
  • Fixed cardiac output in response to stress.
  • Moderate stenosis may be tolerated in a compliant patient who is monitored closely.
  • Severe cases have maternal mortality up to 17% and fetal mortality up to 32%.
  • Aortic root dilation > 4.5 cm is a contraindication to pregnancy.
  • Any reduction in preload can lead to cardiac or cerebral ischemia and compromised uterine flow.
  • Aortic balloon valvuloplasty has been safely performed in a small subset of pregnancy patients with some success, as described by Myerson et al.[2]
For further information on aortic stenosis, click here

Aortic Insufficiency

For further information on aortic insufficiency, click here

Prosthetic Valves and Pregnancy[3]

Mechanical Prosthetic Valves

Mechanical valves can be problematic in pregnancy, due to the requirement for anticoagulation. Regardless of the strategy used, there is a higher chance of fetal loss, placental hemorrhage, and prosthetic valve thrombosis.

Tissue Prosthetic Valves

Tissue valves have less thrombogencity than mechanical valves. As a result, they do not routinely involve the use of warfarin/anticoagulation. For a more thorough discussion on tissue valves, click here.

Managing Prosthetic Valves During Pregnancy[4]

  • Pregnancy is a thrombogenic milieu.
  • Coumadin use during 1st trimester is associated with warfarin embryopathy and when used in 2nd or 3rd trimesters, it may be associated with CNS abnormalities. Despite this risk, warfarin is often used in the second and third trimesters.
  • Given the risk of embryopathy the during the first trimester, heparin is often used early in pregnancy. Heparin is resumed near the time of labor. If used during the first trimester, the dose should be kept under 5 mg every 24 hours.
  • Keeping Coumadin dose ≤ 5.0 mg/day appears to be safe.
  • Recommendations based more on opinion than scientific evidence.
  • Subacute bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis at delivery.

Antibiotic Prophylaxis

AHA recommendation is that antibody prophylaxis is not necessary for an uncomplicated delivery except among patients with a prosthetic heart valve or surgically constructed systemic to pulmonary shunt. However, because of the difficulties in predicting complicated deliveries and the potential devastating consequences of endocarditis, antibiotic prophylaxis for vaginal delivery in all patients with congenital heart disease expect those with an isolated secundum type atrial septal defect and those six months or more after repair of septal defects or surgical ligation division of a patent duct is arteriosus, seems reasonable. At the time of delivery, it is recommended that all women with valvular heart disease receive antibiotics, usually penicillin and gentamycin. For those with a pencillin allergy, vancomycin is used.

2005 ACC/AHA Guideline Recommendations for Anticoagulation during Pregnancy [5]

1. The decision whether to use heparin during the first trimester or to continue oral anticoagulation throughout pregnancy should be made after full discussion with the patient and her partner; if she chooses to change to heparin for the first trimester, she should be made aware that heparin is less safe for her, with a higher risk of both thrombosis and bleeding, and that any risk to the mother also jeopardizes the baby.

2. High-risk women (a history of thromboembolism or an older- generation mechanical prosthesis in the mitral position) who choose not to take warfarin during the first trimester should receive continuous unfractionated heparin intravenously in a dose to prolong the mid-interval (6 h after dosing) activated partial thromboplastin time to 2 to 3 x control value. Transition to warfarin can occur thereafter.

3. In patients receiving warfarin, the international normalized ratio should be maintained between 2.0 and 3.0 with the lowest possible dose of warfarin, and low-dose aspirin should be added.

4. Women at low risk (no history of thromboembolism, newer low- profile prosthesis) might be managed with adjusted-dose subcutaneous heparin (17,500 to 20,000 U twice daily to prolong the mid-interval (6 h after dosing) activated partial thromboplastin time to 2 to 3 x control value.

5. Warfarin should be stopped no later than week 36 and heparin substituted in anticipation of labor.

6. If labor begins during treatment with warfarin, a cesarean section should be performed.

7. In the absence of significant bleeding, heparin can be resumed 4–6 h after delivery, and warfarin begun orally.

Seventh ACCP Conference Recommendation: Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy during Pregnancy in patients with Prosthetic Heart Valve[6]

Grade 1

1. Adjusted-dose, twice-daily LMWH throughout pregnancy in doses adjusted either to keep a 4-hour postinjection anti-Xa heparin level at approximately 1.0 to 1.2 U/mL (preferable) or according to weight (Level of Evidence: C), or

2. Aggressive adjusted-dose UFH throughout pregnancy: i.e., administered subcutaneous every 12 hours in doses adjusted to keep the mid-interval aPTT at least twice control or to attain an anti-Xa heparin level of 0.35 to 0.70 U/mL (Level of Evidence: C), or

3. UFH or LMWH until the thirteenth week, change to warfarin until the middle of the third trimester, and then restart UFH or LMWH (Level of Evidence: C)

Remark: Long-term anticoagulants should be resumed postpartum with all regimens

Grade 2

1. In women with prosthetic heart valves at high risk, the guideline developers suggest the addition of low-dose aspirin, 75 to 162 mg/day (Level of Evidence: C)

References

  1. Routray SN, Mishra TK, Swain S, Patnaik UK, Behera M (2004). "Balloon mitral valvuloplasty during pregnancy". Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 85 (1): 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2003.09.005. PMID 15050462.
  2. Myerson SG, Mitchell AR, Ormerod OJ, Banning AP (2005). "What is the role of balloon dilatation for severe aortic stenosis during pregnancy?". J Heart Valve Dis. 14 (2): 147–50. PMID 15792172.
  3. Elkayam U, Singh H, Irani A, Akhter MW (2004). "Anticoagulation in pregnant women with prosthetic heart valves". J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 9 (2): 107–15. PMID 15309247.
  4. Vitale N, De Feo M, De Santo LS, Pollice A, Tedesco N, Cotrufo M (1999). "Dose-dependent fetal complications of warfarin in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 33 (6): 1637–41. PMID 10334435. Retrieved 2012-04-16. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. Elkayam U, Bitar F (2005). "Valvular heart disease and pregnancy: part II: prosthetic valves". J Am Coll Cardiol. 46 (3): 403–10. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.087. PMID 16053950.
  6. Bates SM, Greer IA, Hirsh J, Ginsberg JS (2004). "Use of antithrombotic agents during pregnancy: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy". Chest. 126 (3 Suppl): 627S–644S. doi:10.1378/chest.126.3_suppl.627S. PMID 15383488. Retrieved 2012-04-16. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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