COVID-19 MRI: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[MRI]] may be helpful in the [[diagnosis]] of [[COVID-19 natural history, complications and prognosis|COVID-19 complications]]. Findings on [[cardiac MRI]] suggestive of [[COVID-19]] include [[myocardial edema]], [[scarring]], [[fibrosis]], impaired [[Right ventricle|RV]] function, impaired [[Left ventricle|LV]] function (reduced [[ejection fraction]]), biventricular hypokinesis, late [[gadolinium]] enhancement, increased wall thickness, [[pericardial effusion]]. Findings on an [[lung]] [[MRI]] suggestive of [[pulmonary]] [[complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]] include cloudy sky sign, [[parenchyma]] compaction, [[Consolidation (medicine)|consolidation]], [[pleural effusion]], lung [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltrations]] with peripheral preference. Findings on an [[Brain]] [[MRI]] suggestive of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]] include signal abnormalities located in the medial [[temporal lobe]], non-confluent multifocal [[white matter]] hyperintense lesions on [[FLAIR]] and diffusion sequences, extensive and isolated white matter micro-hemorrhages, intra-[[cerebral]] [[hemorrhagic]] [[Lesion|lesions]]. Findings on an [[spine]] [[MRI]] suggestive of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]] include widespread elongated signal changes throughout the [[Grey matter|gray matter]] of [[spinal cord]] ( Acute transverse myelitis), caudal nerve roots enhanced ([[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain-Barre syndrome]]). | |||
==MRI== | ==MRI== | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
**Biventricular hypokinesis | **Biventricular hypokinesis | ||
**Late [[gadolinium]] enhancement | **Late [[gadolinium]] enhancement | ||
** | **Increased wall thickness | ||
**[[ | **[[Pericardial effusion]] | ||
=== Lung === | === Lung === | ||
*Lung MRI may be helpful in the [[diagnosis]] of pulmonary complications associated with [[COVID-19]]. | *[[Lung]] [[MRI]] may be helpful in the [[diagnosis]] of pulmonary [[complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]]. | ||
*Findings on an lung MRI suggestive of pulmonary complications associated with [[COVID-19]] include: <ref name="VasilevSergunova2020">{{cite journal|last1=Vasilev|first1=Yuriy|last2=Sergunova|first2=Kristina|last3=Bazhin|first3=Alexander|last4=Masri|first4=Amir|last5=Vasileva|first5=Yulia|last6=Suleumanov|first6=Elhan|last7=Semenov|first7=Dmitry|last8=Kudryavtsev|first8=Nikita|last9=Panina|first9=Olga|last10=Khoruzhaya|first10=Anna|last11=Znichenko|first11=Victoria|last12=Akhmad|first12=Ekaterina|last13=Petraikin|first13=Alexey|last14=Vladzymyrskyy|first14=Anton|last15=Midaev|first15=Aslanbek|last16=Morozov|first16=Sergey|year=2020|doi=10.1101/2020.05.13.20088732}}</ref><ref name="LangenbachHokamp2020">{{cite journal|last1=Langenbach|first1=Marcel C.|last2=Hokamp|first2=Nils Grosse|last3=Persigehl|first3=Thorsten|last4=Bratke|first4=Grischa|title=MRI appearance of COVID-19 infection|journal=Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology|volume=26|issue=4|year=2020|pages=377–378|issn=13053612|doi=10.5152/dir.2020.20152}}</ref> | *Findings on an [[lung]] [[MRI]] suggestive of pulmonary [[complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]] include: <ref name="VasilevSergunova2020">{{cite journal|last1=Vasilev|first1=Yuriy|last2=Sergunova|first2=Kristina|last3=Bazhin|first3=Alexander|last4=Masri|first4=Amir|last5=Vasileva|first5=Yulia|last6=Suleumanov|first6=Elhan|last7=Semenov|first7=Dmitry|last8=Kudryavtsev|first8=Nikita|last9=Panina|first9=Olga|last10=Khoruzhaya|first10=Anna|last11=Znichenko|first11=Victoria|last12=Akhmad|first12=Ekaterina|last13=Petraikin|first13=Alexey|last14=Vladzymyrskyy|first14=Anton|last15=Midaev|first15=Aslanbek|last16=Morozov|first16=Sergey|year=2020|doi=10.1101/2020.05.13.20088732}}</ref><ref name="LangenbachHokamp2020">{{cite journal|last1=Langenbach|first1=Marcel C.|last2=Hokamp|first2=Nils Grosse|last3=Persigehl|first3=Thorsten|last4=Bratke|first4=Grischa|title=MRI appearance of COVID-19 infection|journal=Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology|volume=26|issue=4|year=2020|pages=377–378|issn=13053612|doi=10.5152/dir.2020.20152}}</ref> | ||
**Cloudy sky sign | **Cloudy sky sign | ||
**[[Parenchyma]] compaction | **[[Parenchyma]] compaction | ||
| Line 34: | Line 34: | ||
=== Brain === | === Brain === | ||
*Brain MRI may be helpful in the [[diagnosis]] of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]]. | *[[Brain]] [[MRI]] may be helpful in the [[diagnosis]] of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]]. | ||
*Findings on an Brain MRI suggestive of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]] include:<ref name="KremerLersy2020">{{cite journal|last1=Kremer|first1=Stéphane|last2=Lersy|first2=François|last3=de Sèze|first3=Jérome|last4=Ferré|first4=Jean-Christophe|last5=Maamar|first5=Adel|last6=Carsin-Nicol|first6=Béatrice|last7=Collange|first7=Olivier|last8=Bonneville|first8=Fabrice|last9=Adam|first9=Gilles|last10=Martin-Blondel|first10=Guillaume|last11=Rafiq|first11=Marie|last12=Geeraerts|first12=Thomas|last13=Delamarre|first13=Louis|last14=Grand|first14=Sylvie|last15=Krainik|first15=Alexandre|last16=Caillard|first16=Sophie|last17=Marc Constans|first17=Jean|last18=Metanbou|first18=Serge|last19=Heintz|first19=Adrien|last20=Helms|first20=Julie|last21=Schenck|first21=Maleka|last22=Lefèbvre|first22=Nicolas|last23=Boutet|first23=Claire|last24=Fabre|first24=Xavier|last25=Forestier|first25=Géraud|last26=de Beaurepaire|first26=Isaure|last27=Bornet|first27=Grégoire|last28=Lacalm|first28=Audrey|last29=Oesterlé|first29=Hélène|last30=Bolognini|first30=Federico|last31=Messie|first31=Julien|last32=Hmeydia|first32=Ghazi|last33=Benzakoun|first33=Joseph|last34=Oppenheim|first34=Catherine|last35=Bapst|first35=Blanche|last36=Megdiche|first36=Imen|last37=Henri-Feugeas|first37=Marie-Cécile|last38=Khalil|first38=Antoine|last39=Gaudemer|first39=Augustin|last40=Jager|first40=Lavinia|last41=Nesser|first41=Patrick|last42=Talla Mba|first42=Yannick|last43=Hemmert|first43=Céline|last44=Feuerstein|first44=Philippe|last45=Sebag|first45=Nathan|last46=Carré|first46=Sophie|last47=Alleg|first47=Manel|last48=Lecocq|first48=Claire|last49=Schmitt|first49=Emmanuelle|last50=Anxionnat|first50=René|last51=Zhu|first51=François|last52=Comby|first52=Pierre-Olivier|last53=Ricolfi|first53=Frédéric|last54=Thouant|first54=Pierre|last55=Desal|first55=Hubert|last56=Boulouis|first56=Grégoire|last57=Berge|first57=Jérome|last58=Kazémi|first58=Apolline|last59=Pyatigorskaya|first59=Nadya|last60=Lecler|first60=Augustin|last61=Saleme|first61=Suzana|last62=Edjlali-Goujon|first62=Myriam|last63=Kerleroux|first63=Basile|last64=Zorn|first64=Pierre-Emmanuel|last65=Mathieu|first65=Muriel|last66=Baloglu|first66=Seyyid|last67=Ardellier|first67=François-Daniel|last68=Willaume|first68=Thibault|last69=Brisset|first69=Jean Christophe|last70=Boulay|first70=Clotilde|last71=Mutschler|first71=Véronique|last72=Hansmann|first72=Yves|last73=Mertes|first73=Paul-Michel|last74=Schneider|first74=Francis|last75=Fafi-Kremer|first75=Samira|last76=Ohana|first76=Mickael|last77=Meziani|first77=Ferhat|last78=David|first78=Jean-Stéphane|last79=Meyer|first79=Nicolas|last80=Anheim|first80=Mathieu|last81=Cotton|first81=Pr François|title=Brain MRI Findings in Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study|journal=Radiology|year=2020|pages=202222|issn=0033-8419|doi=10.1148/radiol.2020202222}}</ref> | *Findings on an [[Brain]] [[MRI]] suggestive of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]] include:<ref name="KremerLersy2020">{{cite journal|last1=Kremer|first1=Stéphane|last2=Lersy|first2=François|last3=de Sèze|first3=Jérome|last4=Ferré|first4=Jean-Christophe|last5=Maamar|first5=Adel|last6=Carsin-Nicol|first6=Béatrice|last7=Collange|first7=Olivier|last8=Bonneville|first8=Fabrice|last9=Adam|first9=Gilles|last10=Martin-Blondel|first10=Guillaume|last11=Rafiq|first11=Marie|last12=Geeraerts|first12=Thomas|last13=Delamarre|first13=Louis|last14=Grand|first14=Sylvie|last15=Krainik|first15=Alexandre|last16=Caillard|first16=Sophie|last17=Marc Constans|first17=Jean|last18=Metanbou|first18=Serge|last19=Heintz|first19=Adrien|last20=Helms|first20=Julie|last21=Schenck|first21=Maleka|last22=Lefèbvre|first22=Nicolas|last23=Boutet|first23=Claire|last24=Fabre|first24=Xavier|last25=Forestier|first25=Géraud|last26=de Beaurepaire|first26=Isaure|last27=Bornet|first27=Grégoire|last28=Lacalm|first28=Audrey|last29=Oesterlé|first29=Hélène|last30=Bolognini|first30=Federico|last31=Messie|first31=Julien|last32=Hmeydia|first32=Ghazi|last33=Benzakoun|first33=Joseph|last34=Oppenheim|first34=Catherine|last35=Bapst|first35=Blanche|last36=Megdiche|first36=Imen|last37=Henri-Feugeas|first37=Marie-Cécile|last38=Khalil|first38=Antoine|last39=Gaudemer|first39=Augustin|last40=Jager|first40=Lavinia|last41=Nesser|first41=Patrick|last42=Talla Mba|first42=Yannick|last43=Hemmert|first43=Céline|last44=Feuerstein|first44=Philippe|last45=Sebag|first45=Nathan|last46=Carré|first46=Sophie|last47=Alleg|first47=Manel|last48=Lecocq|first48=Claire|last49=Schmitt|first49=Emmanuelle|last50=Anxionnat|first50=René|last51=Zhu|first51=François|last52=Comby|first52=Pierre-Olivier|last53=Ricolfi|first53=Frédéric|last54=Thouant|first54=Pierre|last55=Desal|first55=Hubert|last56=Boulouis|first56=Grégoire|last57=Berge|first57=Jérome|last58=Kazémi|first58=Apolline|last59=Pyatigorskaya|first59=Nadya|last60=Lecler|first60=Augustin|last61=Saleme|first61=Suzana|last62=Edjlali-Goujon|first62=Myriam|last63=Kerleroux|first63=Basile|last64=Zorn|first64=Pierre-Emmanuel|last65=Mathieu|first65=Muriel|last66=Baloglu|first66=Seyyid|last67=Ardellier|first67=François-Daniel|last68=Willaume|first68=Thibault|last69=Brisset|first69=Jean Christophe|last70=Boulay|first70=Clotilde|last71=Mutschler|first71=Véronique|last72=Hansmann|first72=Yves|last73=Mertes|first73=Paul-Michel|last74=Schneider|first74=Francis|last75=Fafi-Kremer|first75=Samira|last76=Ohana|first76=Mickael|last77=Meziani|first77=Ferhat|last78=David|first78=Jean-Stéphane|last79=Meyer|first79=Nicolas|last80=Anheim|first80=Mathieu|last81=Cotton|first81=Pr François|title=Brain MRI Findings in Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study|journal=Radiology|year=2020|pages=202222|issn=0033-8419|doi=10.1148/radiol.2020202222}}</ref> | ||
**Signal abnormalities located in the medial temporal lobe | **Signal abnormalities located in the medial [[temporal lobe]] | ||
**Non-confluent multifocal white matter hyperintense lesions on FLAIR and diffusion sequences | **Non-confluent multifocal [[white matter]] hyperintense lesions on [[FLAIR]] and diffusion sequences | ||
**Extensive and isolated white mattern | **Extensive and isolated white mattern micro-[[hemorrhages]] | ||
**Intra-cerebral hemorrhagic lesions | **Intra-[[cerebral]] [[hemorrhagic]] [[Lesion|lesions]] | ||
*** | *** | ||
=== Spine === | === Spine === | ||
*Spine MRI may be helpful in the [[diagnosis]] of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]]. | *[[Spine]] [[MRI]] may be helpful in the [[diagnosis]] of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]]. | ||
*Findings on an spine MRI suggestive of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]] include:<ref name="urlA Case Report of Acute Transverse Myelitis Following Novel Coronavirus Infection">{{cite web |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0mj588gb |title=A Case Report of Acute Transverse Myelitis Following Novel Coronavirus Infection |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="ToscanoPalmerini2020">{{cite journal|last1=Toscano|first1=Gianpaolo|last2=Palmerini|first2=Francesco|last3=Ravaglia|first3=Sabrina|last4=Ruiz|first4=Luigi|last5=Invernizzi|first5=Paolo|last6=Cuzzoni|first6=M. Giovanna|last7=Franciotta|first7=Diego|last8=Baldanti|first8=Fausto|last9=Daturi|first9=Rossana|last10=Postorino|first10=Paolo|last11=Cavallini|first11=Anna|last12=Micieli|first12=Giuseppe|title=Guillain–Barré Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=26|year=2020|pages=2574–2576|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2009191}}</ref> | *Findings on an [[spine]] [[MRI]] suggestive of [[COVID-19 Neurologic Complications|neurologic complications]] associated with [[COVID-19]] include:<ref name="urlA Case Report of Acute Transverse Myelitis Following Novel Coronavirus Infection">{{cite web |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0mj588gb |title=A Case Report of Acute Transverse Myelitis Following Novel Coronavirus Infection |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="ToscanoPalmerini2020">{{cite journal|last1=Toscano|first1=Gianpaolo|last2=Palmerini|first2=Francesco|last3=Ravaglia|first3=Sabrina|last4=Ruiz|first4=Luigi|last5=Invernizzi|first5=Paolo|last6=Cuzzoni|first6=M. Giovanna|last7=Franciotta|first7=Diego|last8=Baldanti|first8=Fausto|last9=Daturi|first9=Rossana|last10=Postorino|first10=Paolo|last11=Cavallini|first11=Anna|last12=Micieli|first12=Giuseppe|title=Guillain–Barré Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=26|year=2020|pages=2574–2576|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2009191}}</ref> | ||
**Widespread elongated signal changes throughout the gray matter of spinal cord ( Acute Transverse Myelitis) | **Widespread elongated signal changes throughout the [[gray matter]] of [[spinal cord]] ( Acute Transverse Myelitis) | ||
**Caudal nerve roots enhanced (Guillain-Barre syndrome) | **Caudal nerve roots enhanced ([[Guillain-Barré syndrome|Guillain-Barre syndrome]]) | ||
<br /> | <br /> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 17:36, 2 July 2020
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of COVID-19 MRI |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D. Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2] Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [3]
Overview
MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of COVID-19 complications. Findings on cardiac MRI suggestive of COVID-19 include myocardial edema, scarring, fibrosis, impaired RV function, impaired LV function (reduced ejection fraction), biventricular hypokinesis, late gadolinium enhancement, increased wall thickness, pericardial effusion. Findings on an lung MRI suggestive of pulmonary complications associated with COVID-19 include cloudy sky sign, parenchyma compaction, consolidation, pleural effusion, lung infiltrations with peripheral preference. Findings on an Brain MRI suggestive of neurologic complications associated with COVID-19 include signal abnormalities located in the medial temporal lobe, non-confluent multifocal white matter hyperintense lesions on FLAIR and diffusion sequences, extensive and isolated white matter micro-hemorrhages, intra-cerebral hemorrhagic lesions. Findings on an spine MRI suggestive of neurologic complications associated with COVID-19 include widespread elongated signal changes throughout the gray matter of spinal cord ( Acute transverse myelitis), caudal nerve roots enhanced (Guillain-Barre syndrome).
MRI
Cardiac
- Cardiac MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of cardiac complications associated with COVID-19.[1]
- Findings on an cardiac MRI suggestive of cardiac complications associated with COVID-19 include:[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]
- Myocardial edema
- Scarring
- Fibrosis
- Impaired RV function
- Impaired LV function (reduced ejection fraction)
- Biventricular hypokinesis
- Late gadolinium enhancement
- Increased wall thickness
- Pericardial effusion
Lung
- Lung MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of pulmonary complications associated with COVID-19.
- Findings on an lung MRI suggestive of pulmonary complications associated with COVID-19 include: [10][11]
- Cloudy sky sign
- Parenchyma compaction
- Consolidation
- Pleural effusion
- Lung infiltrations with peripheral preference
Brain
- Brain MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of neurologic complications associated with COVID-19.
- Findings on an Brain MRI suggestive of neurologic complications associated with COVID-19 include:[12]
- Signal abnormalities located in the medial temporal lobe
- Non-confluent multifocal white matter hyperintense lesions on FLAIR and diffusion sequences
- Extensive and isolated white mattern micro-hemorrhages
- Intra-cerebral hemorrhagic lesions
Spine
- Spine MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of neurologic complications associated with COVID-19.
- Findings on an spine MRI suggestive of neurologic complications associated with COVID-19 include:[13][14]
- Widespread elongated signal changes throughout the gray matter of spinal cord ( Acute Transverse Myelitis)
- Caudal nerve roots enhanced (Guillain-Barre syndrome)
References
- ↑ Han, Yuchi; Chen, Tiffany; Bryant, Jennifer; Bucciarelli-Ducci, Chiara; Dyke, Christopher; Elliott, Michael D.; Ferrari, Victor A.; Friedrich, Matthias G.; Lawton, Chris; Manning, Warren J.; Ordovas, Karen; Plein, Sven; Powell, Andrew J.; Raman, Subha V.; Carr, James (2020). "Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) guidance for the practice of cardiovascular magnetic resonance during the COVID-19 pandemic". Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. 22 (1). doi:10.1186/s12968-020-00628-w. ISSN 1532-429X.
- ↑ Inciardi, Riccardo M.; Lupi, Laura; Zaccone, Gregorio; Italia, Leonardo; Raffo, Michela; Tomasoni, Daniela; Cani, Dario S.; Cerini, Manuel; Farina, Davide; Gavazzi, Emanuele; Maroldi, Roberto; Adamo, Marianna; Ammirati, Enrico; Sinagra, Gianfranco; Lombardi, Carlo M.; Metra, Marco (2020). "Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". JAMA Cardiology. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096. ISSN 2380-6583.
- ↑ Han, Seongwook; Kim, Hyun Ah; Kim, Jin Young; Kim, In-Cheol (2020). "COVID-19-related myocarditis in a 21-year-old female patient". European Heart Journal. 41 (19): 1859–1859. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa288. ISSN 0195-668X.
- ↑ Esposito, Antonio; Godino, Cosmo; Basso, Cristina; Cappelletti, Alberto Maria; Tresoldi, Moreno; De Cobelli, Francesco; Vignale, Davide; Villatore, Andrea; Palmisano, Anna; Gramegna, Mario; Peretto, Giovanni; Sala, Simone (2020). "Acute myocarditis presenting as a reverse Tako-Tsubo syndrome in a patient with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection". European Heart Journal. 41 (19): 1861–1862. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa286. ISSN 0195-668X.
- ↑ Coyle, Justin; Igbinomwanhia, Efehi; Sanchez-Nadales, Alejandro; Danciu, Sorin; Chu, Chae; Shah, Nishit (2020). "A Recovered Case of COVID-19 Myocarditis and ARDS Treated With Corticosteroids, Tocilizumab, and Experimental AT-001". JACC: Case Reports. doi:10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.04.025. ISSN 2666-0849.
- ↑ Doyen, Denis; Moceri, Pamela; Ducreux, Dorothée; Dellamonica, Jean (2020). "Myocarditis in a patient with COVID-19: a cause of raised troponin and ECG changes". The Lancet. 395 (10235): 1516. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30912-0. ISSN 0140-6736.
- ↑ Luetkens, Julian Alexander; Isaak, Alexander; Zimmer, Sebastian; Nattermann, Jacob; Sprinkart, Alois Martin; Boesecke, Christoph; Rieke, Gereon Jonas; Zachoval, Christian; Heine, Annkristin; Velten, Markus; Duerr, Georg Daniel (2020). "Diffuse Myocardial Inflammation in COVID-19 Associated Myocarditis Detected by Multiparametric Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging". Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 13 (5). doi:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.010897. ISSN 1941-9651.
- ↑ Inciardi, Riccardo M.; Lupi, Laura; Zaccone, Gregorio; Italia, Leonardo; Raffo, Michela; Tomasoni, Daniela; Cani, Dario S.; Cerini, Manuel; Farina, Davide; Gavazzi, Emanuele; Maroldi, Roberto; Adamo, Marianna; Ammirati, Enrico; Sinagra, Gianfranco; Lombardi, Carlo M.; Metra, Marco (2020). "Cardiac Involvement in a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". JAMA Cardiology. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1096. ISSN 2380-6583.
- ↑ Huang, Lu; Zhao, Peijun; Tang, Dazhong; Zhu, Tong; Han, Rui; Zhan, Chenao; Liu, Weiyong; Zeng, Hesong; Tao, Qian; Xia, Liming (2020). "Cardiac involvement in recovered COVID-19 patients identified by magnetic resonance imaging". JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. doi:10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.004. ISSN 1936-878X.
- ↑ Vasilev, Yuriy; Sergunova, Kristina; Bazhin, Alexander; Masri, Amir; Vasileva, Yulia; Suleumanov, Elhan; Semenov, Dmitry; Kudryavtsev, Nikita; Panina, Olga; Khoruzhaya, Anna; Znichenko, Victoria; Akhmad, Ekaterina; Petraikin, Alexey; Vladzymyrskyy, Anton; Midaev, Aslanbek; Morozov, Sergey (2020). doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.20088732. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Langenbach, Marcel C.; Hokamp, Nils Grosse; Persigehl, Thorsten; Bratke, Grischa (2020). "MRI appearance of COVID-19 infection". Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 26 (4): 377–378. doi:10.5152/dir.2020.20152. ISSN 1305-3612.
- ↑ Kremer, Stéphane; Lersy, François; de Sèze, Jérome; Ferré, Jean-Christophe; Maamar, Adel; Carsin-Nicol, Béatrice; Collange, Olivier; Bonneville, Fabrice; Adam, Gilles; Martin-Blondel, Guillaume; Rafiq, Marie; Geeraerts, Thomas; Delamarre, Louis; Grand, Sylvie; Krainik, Alexandre; Caillard, Sophie; Marc Constans, Jean; Metanbou, Serge; Heintz, Adrien; Helms, Julie; Schenck, Maleka; Lefèbvre, Nicolas; Boutet, Claire; Fabre, Xavier; Forestier, Géraud; de Beaurepaire, Isaure; Bornet, Grégoire; Lacalm, Audrey; Oesterlé, Hélène; Bolognini, Federico; Messie, Julien; Hmeydia, Ghazi; Benzakoun, Joseph; Oppenheim, Catherine; Bapst, Blanche; Megdiche, Imen; Henri-Feugeas, Marie-Cécile; Khalil, Antoine; Gaudemer, Augustin; Jager, Lavinia; Nesser, Patrick; Talla Mba, Yannick; Hemmert, Céline; Feuerstein, Philippe; Sebag, Nathan; Carré, Sophie; Alleg, Manel; Lecocq, Claire; Schmitt, Emmanuelle; Anxionnat, René; Zhu, François; Comby, Pierre-Olivier; Ricolfi, Frédéric; Thouant, Pierre; Desal, Hubert; Boulouis, Grégoire; Berge, Jérome; Kazémi, Apolline; Pyatigorskaya, Nadya; Lecler, Augustin; Saleme, Suzana; Edjlali-Goujon, Myriam; Kerleroux, Basile; Zorn, Pierre-Emmanuel; Mathieu, Muriel; Baloglu, Seyyid; Ardellier, François-Daniel; Willaume, Thibault; Brisset, Jean Christophe; Boulay, Clotilde; Mutschler, Véronique; Hansmann, Yves; Mertes, Paul-Michel; Schneider, Francis; Fafi-Kremer, Samira; Ohana, Mickael; Meziani, Ferhat; David, Jean-Stéphane; Meyer, Nicolas; Anheim, Mathieu; Cotton, Pr François (2020). "Brain MRI Findings in Severe COVID-19: A Retrospective Observational Study". Radiology: 202222. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020202222. ISSN 0033-8419.
- ↑ Toscano, Gianpaolo; Palmerini, Francesco; Ravaglia, Sabrina; Ruiz, Luigi; Invernizzi, Paolo; Cuzzoni, M. Giovanna; Franciotta, Diego; Baldanti, Fausto; Daturi, Rossana; Postorino, Paolo; Cavallini, Anna; Micieli, Giuseppe (2020). "Guillain–Barré Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2". New England Journal of Medicine. 382 (26): 2574–2576. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2009191. ISSN 0028-4793.