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{{SI}}
{{SI}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{CLG}}
 
 
 
== Differential Diagnosis ==
 
In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
 
*[[Alkaptonuria]]
*[[Crouzon Syndrome]]
*[[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]]
*Enlarged globe
*Infantile [[glaucoma]]
*[[Iron deficiency anemia]]
*[[Keratoconus]]
*[[Marfan's Syndrome]]
*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
*[[Paget's Disease]]
*Scleral ectasia
*Scleral staphyloma
 


==Overview==
==Overview==
The sclera is a vascularized connective tissue structure of the [[eye]] composed of several types of [[collagen]] fibers, mainly collagen type I as well as [[elastin]], [[proteoglycans]] and [[glycoproteins]]. [[Blue sclera]] is caused by the slimness and transparency of the collagen fibers of the sclera that allow the visualization of the [[uvea]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
Line 43: Line 24:


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
 
* [[Alkaptonuria ]]
* [[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]]
* [[Hypophosphatasia]]
* Juvenile [[Paget's disease]]
* [[Marfan's syndrome]]
* [[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
*[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kawasaki disease]]  
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]],
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetic acid]], [[chemical burn|chemical exposure]], [[Hydrogen Sulfide|hydrogen sulfide]], [[platinosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcets syndrome]], [[lepidopterism]], [[scarlet fever]], [[scrumpox]], [[Stevens-Johnson syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abacavir]], [[abatacept]], [[Acetazolamide Oral|acetazolamide oral]], [[acetohexamide ]], [[acyclovir]], [[adalimumab]], [[adefovir]], [[alefacept]], [[alfuzosin]], [[allopurinol]], [[altretamine]], [[Amlodipine and Benazepril]], [[Amikacin Sulfate|amikacin sulfate]], [[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide]], [[amobarbital]], [[amphotericin B]], [[Ampicillin Sodium|ampicillin sodium]], [[anagrelide]], [[anakinra]], [[anastrozole]], [[anisindione]], [[anticholinergic]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Human)|antihemophilic factor (human)]], [[Antihemophilic Factor (Recombinant)|antihemophilic factor (recombinant)]], [[asparaginase]], [[atorvastatin]], [[auranofin]], [[Azelastine Ophthalmic|azelastine ophthalmic]], [[aztreonam]], [[benazepril]], [[bevacizumab]], [[bortezomib]], [[bosentan]], [[Brinzolamide Ophthalmic|brinzolamide ophthalmic]], [[Budesonide Inhalation Powder|budesonide inhalation powder]], [[bumetanide]], [[buspirone]], [[busulfan]], [[butabarbital]], [[butorphanol]], [[candesartan]], [[capecitabine]], [[captopril]], [[carteolol]], [[cefadroxil]], [[Cefamandole Nafate|cefamandole nafate]], [[Cefazolin Sodium|cefazolin sodium]], [[cefepime]], [[Cefoperazone Sodium|cefoperazone sodium]], [[Cefotaxime Sodium|cefotaxime sodium]], [[Cefotetan Disodium|cefotetan disodium]], [[cefoxitin sodium]], [[cefpodoxime]], [[ceftazidime]], [[ceftizoxime sodium]], [[ceftriaxone sodium]], [[cefuroxime sodium]], [[cephalexin]], [[cephradine]], [[cetuximab]], [[chlorambucil]], [[chlorothiazide]], [[chlorpropamide]], [[chlorthalidone]], [[cilostazol]], [[cladribine]], [[clofarabine]], [[clofibrate]], [[co-trimoxazole]], [[Cromolyn Sodium Oral Inhalation|cromolyn sodium oral inhalation]], [[Cyanocobalamin Nasal|cyanocobalamin nasal]], [[cytarabine]], [[dacarbazine]], [[dactinomycin ]], [[dapsone]], [[danazol]], [[darbepoetin alfa]], [[daunorubicin]], [[desloratadine]], [[desmopressin]], [[dexmethylphenidate]], [[Diclofenac and Misoprostol|diclofenac and misoprostol]], [[diethylpropion]], [[diphtheria]], [[disopyramide]], [[docetaxel]], [[dornase alfa]], [[doxorubicin]], [[efalizumab]], [[efavirenz]], [[emtricitabine]], [[enalapril]], [[Epinastine Ophthalmic|epinastine ophthalmic]], [[epirubicin]], [[epoetin alfa]], [[eprosartan]], [[erlotinib]], [[Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole|erythromycin and sulfisoxazole]], [[etanercept]], [[ethacrynic acid]], [[Ethosuximide Oral|ethosuximide oral]], [[etodolac]], [[etoposide]], [[ezetimibe]], [[fentanyl (transdermal)|fentanyl skin patches]], [[flavoxate]], [[floxuridine]], [[Flunisolide Nasal Inhalation|flunisolide nasal inhalation]], [[fluorouracil]], [[fluphenazine]], [[Fluticasone and Salmeterol Oral Inhalation|fluticasone and salmeterol oral inhalation]], [[formoterol]], [[fosamprenavir]], [[foscarnet sodium]], [[fosinopril]], [[fulvestrant]], [[furosemide]], [[gabapentin]], [[ganciclovir]], [[gatifloxacin]], [[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride|gemcitabine hydrochloride]], [[glatiramer ]], [[glipizide]], [[glyburide]], [[grifulvin V]], [[griseofulvin]], [[hydrochlorothiazide]], [[ibandronate]], [[ifosfamide]], [[imatinib]], [[Imipenem and Cilastatin Sodium|imipenem and cilastatin sodium]], [[infliximab]], [[Insulin Human (rDNA Origin) Inhalation|insulin human (rDNA origin) inhalation]], [[Interferon beta-1a Intramuscular|interferon beta-1a intramuscular]], [[Ipratropium and Albuterol Inhalation|ipratropium and albuterol inhalation]], [[irbesartan]], [[Ketotifen Ophthalmic|ketotifen ophthalmic]], [[lamotrigine]], [[levetiracetam]], [[levocetirizine]], [[lisinopril]], [[lomustine]], [[loratadine]], [[losartan]], [[mechlorethamine]], [[mefenamic acid]], [[megestrol]], [[melphalan]], [[meprobamate]],  [[meropenem]], [[mercaptopurine]], [[mesalamine]], [[methimazole]], [[methotrexate]], [[Methsuximide Oral|methsuximide oral]], [[methyclothiazide]], [[metolazone]], [[metoprolol]], [[minocycline]], [[mitomycin]], [[modafinil]], [[moexipril]], [[Moxifloxacin ophthalmic|moxifloxacin ophthalmic]], [[Nafcillin Sodium|nafcillin sodium]], [[natalizumab]], [[Nedocromil oral inhalation|nedocromil oral inhalation]], [[nisoldipine]], [[Olopatadine ophthalmic|olopatadine ophthalmic]], [[omeprazole]], [[Oxacillin Sodium|oxacillin sodium]], [[oxaliplatin]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[paclitaxel]], [[palivizumab]], [[pamidronate]], [[peginterferon alfa-2a]], [[Penicillin G Potassium or Sodium|penicillin G potassium or sodium]], [[Penicillamine]] [[Pentamidine Isethionate|pentamidine isethionate]], [[pentostatin]], [[perindopril]], [[phenobarbital]], [[Phenytoin oral|phenytoin oral]], [[pindolol]], [[pioglitazone]], [[Piperacillin sodium|piperacillin sodium]], [[plicamycin]], [[pramlintide]], [[Prazosin and polythiazide|prazosin and polythiazide]], [[primaquine]], [[primidone]], [[procarbazine]], [[promethazine]], [[propafenone]], [[Propranolol Oral|propranolol oral]], [[propylthiouracil]], [[quetiapine]], [[quinapril]], [[rabeprazole]], [[ramipril]], [[Ranitidine bismuth citrate|ranitidine bismuth citrate]], [[rifabutin]], [[rimexolone]], [[risedronate]], [[risperidone]], [[rifaximin]], [[rituximab]], [[ropinirole]], [[rosiglitazone]], [[rosuvastatin]], [[Salmeterol oral inhalation|salmeterol oral inhalation]], [[sargramostim]], [[scopolamine]], [[secobarbital]], [[sibutramine]], [[silver sulfadiazine]], [[sitagliptin]], [[sodium dichloroisocyanurate]], [[sodium oxybate]], [[spironolactone]], [[streptozocin]], [[sulfadiazine]], [[sulfasalazine]], [[sulfinpyrazone]], [[sulfisoxazole]], [[tamsulosin]], [[telmisartan]], [[teniposide]], [[terbinafine]], [[Teriparatide (rDNA origin)|teriparatide (rDNA origin)]], [[thioguanine]], [[thiotepa]], [[Ticarcillin Disodium|ticarcillin disodium]], [[ticlopidine]], [[Tiotropium Oral Inhalation|tiotropium oral inhalation]], [[tizanidine]], [[tocainide]], [[tolazamide]], [[tolbutamide]], [[Topotecan Hydrochloride|topotecan hydrochloride]], [[trandolapril]], [[trastuzumab]], [[trazodone]], [[Triamcinolone Nasal Inhalation|triamcinolone nasal inhalation]], [[trimethadione]], [[trimipramine]], [[Valproic Acid|valproic acid]], [[Verapamil and Trandolapril|verapamil and trandolapril]], [[vinblastine]], [[Vinorelbine Tartrate|vinorelbine tartrate]], [[Von Willebrand factor]], [[zalcitabine]], [[Zolmitriptan Nasal|zolmitriptan nasal]], [[zonisamide]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Retigabine]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Angina tonsillaris]], [[Bezold's abscess]], [[dysphagia]], [[ear pain]], [[empty nose syndrome]], [[epiglottitis]], [[herpangina]], [[laryngitis]], [[Ludwig's angina]], [[oropharyngeal lesion]], [[otalgia]], [[post-nasal drip]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[sinusitis]], [[tonsillitis]], [[tonsillolith]], [[palatine uvula|uvulitis]], [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]  
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Van der Hoeve's Syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Thyroiditis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Laron dwarfism]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pollution|Environmental pollutants]], [[lepidopterism]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dysphagia]], [[esophagogastroduodenoscopy]],  [[GERD]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alkaptonuria ]], developmental delay hypotonia extremities hypertrophy, [[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]], [[incontinentia pigmenti]], Juvenile [[Paget's disease]], [[laron dwarfism]], [[lobstein disease ]], [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]], [[marfan's syndrome ]], marshall-smith-weaver syndrome, [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]],  [[osteogenesis imperfecta]],  [[recurrent hereditary polyserositis]], willems de vries syndrome.
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leukemia]], [[Von Willebrand factor]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]], [[hypophosphatasia]].       
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Endoscopy]], [[invisalign]], [[nasogastric intubation]], [[uvulopalatopharyngoplasty]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[adenovirus]], [[pharyngitis|allergic pharyngitis]], [[angina tonsillaris]], [[anthrax]], [[arcanobacterium haemolyticum]], [[arcanobacterium]],  [[Bezold's abscess]], [[blastomyces]], [[candida albicans]], [[phlegmon|cervical phlegmon]], [[chickenpox]], [[chlamydia pneumonia]], [[chlamydophila pneumoniae]], [[CMV pneumonitis]], [[coccidioidomycosis]], [[collinsonia canadensis]], [[coronavirus]], [[corynebacterium diphtheriae]], [[coxsackie A virus]], [[coxsackie B virus]], [[cryptococcus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[deep neck infection]], [[diphtheria]], [[Duke's disease]], [[ebola]], [[echovirus]], [[encephalitis lethargica]], [[epiglottitis]], [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[francisella tularensis]], [[pharyngitis|fungal pharyngitis]], [[fusobacterium necrophorum]], [[fusobacterium]], [[gonococcal pharyngitis]], [[gonorrhea]], [[Group A streptococcal infection]], [[streptococcus|Group C streptococci]], [[streptococcus|Group G streptococci]], [[haemophilus influenzae]], [[hand-foot-and-mouth disease]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[herpangina]], [[herpes simplex virus]], [[herpesviridae]], [[histoplasma]], [[HIV]], [[human parainfluenza viruses]], [[influenza]], [[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease]], [[klebsiella]], [[laryngitis]], [[lassa fever]], [[Lemierre's syndrome]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[metapneumovirus]], [[moraxella catarrhalis]], [[mumps]], [[mycobacterium]], [[mycoplasma pneumoniae]], [[neisseria gonorrheae]], [[non-specific urethritis]], [[oral candidiasis]], [[PANDAS]], [[paracoccidioides brasiliensis|paracoccidioides]], [[parainfluenza]], [[pasteurella]], [[pemphigus]], [[periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis]], [[peritonsillar abscess]], [[pharyngoconjunctival fever]], [[pneumococcus]], [[poliovirus]], [[Q fever]], [[rabies]], [[rat bite fever]], [[Respiratory Syncitial virus|respiratory syncitial virus]], [[retropharyngeal abscess]], [[rhinosporidiosis|rhinosporidium]], [[rhinovirus]], [[scarlet fever]], [[scrumpox]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[sinusitis]], [[staphylococcus aureus]], [[strep throat]], [[streptococcal infections]], [[streptococcus pneumoniae]], [[streptococcus pyogenes]], [[streptococcus suis]], [[syphillis]], [[the clap]], [[tonsillitis]], [[toxemia]], [[tracheitis]], [[tracheobronchitis]], [[treponema pallidum]], [[tularemia]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]], Juvenile [[Paget's disease]], [[lobstein disease ]], [[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]], [[marfan's syndrome ]], marshall-smith-weaver syndrome, [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]], [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, pelvic dysplasia arthrogryposis of lower limbs, pilo dento ungular dysplasia microcephaly, [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]], ray-peterson-scott syndrome, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia joint laxity, [[Van der Hoeve's Syndrome]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[encephalitis lethargica]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| Bd syndrome, chitayat-moore-del bigio syndrome, daentl-townsend-siegel syndrome, developmental delay hypotonia extremities hypertrophy, osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, ray-peterson-scott syndrome.
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ariboflavinosis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alkaptonuria ]], [[hypophosphatasia]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[phlegmon|Cervical phlegmon]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Laryngeal cancer]], [[leukemia]], [[lymphoma]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]], [[nasopharyngeal carcinoma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alkaptonuria ]], Bd syndrome, [[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]], Grant syndrome,  [[hypophosphatasia]],  [[incontinentia pigmenti ]], [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]], [[osteogenesis imperfecta]], [[recurrent hereditary polyserositis]], [[Van der Hoeve's Syndrome]], [[Vater-like syndrome, with pulmonary hypertension, abnormal ears and growth deficiency ]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cocaine]], [[toxins]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[PANDAS]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| Chitayat-moore-del bigio syndrome
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]], [[CMV pneumonitis]], [[epiglottitis]], [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]], [[hay fever]], [[laryngitis]], [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]], [[tracheitis]], [[tracheobronchitis]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| Daentl-townsend-siegel syndrome
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[pharyngitis|Allergic pharyngitis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[arthralgia]], [[Behcets syndrome]], [[chronic fatigue syndrome]], [[hay fever]], [[immunocompromised host]], [[lymphadenitis]], [[lymphoproliferative disorders]], [[periodic fever syndrome]], [[platinosis]], [[Still's disease]], [[TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
Line 153: Line 140:
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Foreign body]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 
*[[Alkaptonuria ]]
 
* Bd syndrome
* Chitayat-moore-del bigio syndrome
* Daentl-townsend-siegel syndrome
* Developmental delay hypotonia extremities hypertrophy
*[[Diamond-Blackfan anemia]]
* [[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome]]
* Grant syndrome
*[[Hypophosphatasia]] <font color="white">Fried Spine Disorder, FSD-1</font>
*[[Incontinentia pigmenti]]
* Juvenile [[Paget's disease]]
*[[Laron dwarfism]]
*[[Lobstein disease ]]
*[[Loeys-Dietz syndrome]]
*[[Marfan's syndrome ]]
* Marshall-smith-weaver syndrome <font color="white">Fried Spine Disorder, FSD-1</font>
* [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]]
* Normal in newborns <font color="white">IPFS-1</font>
*[[Osteogenesis imperfecta]]
* Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome
* Pelvic dysplasia arthrogryposis of lower limbs
* Pilo dento ungular dysplasia microcephaly
*[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
* Ray-peterson-scott syndrome <font color="white">Animalitic Virus</font>
*[[Recurrent hereditary polyserositis]] <font color="white">IPFS-1</font>
*[[Retigabine]]
* Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia joint laxity <font color="white">Animalitic Virus</font>
*[[Van der Hoeve's Syndrome]]
*[[Vater-like syndrome, with pulmonary hypertension, abnormal ears and growth deficiency ]]
* Willems de vries syndrome




Latest revision as of 16:15, 28 October 2015

Blue sclera
Blue sclera in osteogenesis imperfecta.
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [2]

Overview

The sclera is a vascularized connective tissue structure of the eye composed of several types of collagen fibers, mainly collagen type I as well as elastin, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. Blue sclera is caused by the slimness and transparency of the collagen fibers of the sclera that allow the visualization of the uvea.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Loeys-Dietz syndrome,
Chemical / poisoning No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Retigabine
Ear Nose Throat Van der Hoeve's Syndrome
Endocrine Laron dwarfism
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Alkaptonuria , developmental delay hypotonia extremities hypertrophy, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, incontinentia pigmenti, Juvenile Paget's disease, laron dwarfism, lobstein disease , Loeys-Dietz syndrome, marfan's syndrome , marshall-smith-weaver syndrome, Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, recurrent hereditary polyserositis, willems de vries syndrome.
Hematologic Diamond-Blackfan anemia, hypophosphatasia.
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Juvenile Paget's disease, lobstein disease , Loeys-Dietz syndrome, marfan's syndrome , marshall-smith-weaver syndrome, Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, pelvic dysplasia arthrogryposis of lower limbs, pilo dento ungular dysplasia microcephaly, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, ray-peterson-scott syndrome, spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia joint laxity, Van der Hoeve's Syndrome.
Neurologic Bd syndrome, chitayat-moore-del bigio syndrome, daentl-townsend-siegel syndrome, developmental delay hypotonia extremities hypertrophy, osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome, ray-peterson-scott syndrome.
Nutritional / Metabolic Alkaptonuria , hypophosphatasia.
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic Alkaptonuria , Bd syndrome, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Grant syndrome, hypophosphatasia, incontinentia pigmenti , Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, osteogenesis imperfecta, recurrent hereditary polyserositis, Van der Hoeve's Syndrome, Vater-like syndrome, with pulmonary hypertension, abnormal ears and growth deficiency .
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric Chitayat-moore-del bigio syndrome
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Daentl-townsend-siegel syndrome
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order


References


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