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==Overview==
==Overview==
Aging, depression and medications (both prescription and non-prescription) are risk factors for amnesia.
[[Aging]], [[depression]], [[chronic]] [[stress]], [[head]] [[trauma]], [[chronic]] [[sleep deprivation]] and [[medications]] are [[risk factors]] for amnesia.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Normal aging may lead to trouble learning new material or require a longer time to remember new material. However, it does not lead to dramatic memory loss unless diseases are involved. Memory loss can be seen in people with impaired concentration, seen in illnesses such as depression. It can be hard to tell the difference.
*A [[psychologically]] traumatic incident in the past can increase chances of developing [[dissociative amnesia]] ([[psychogenic amnesia]]).<ref name="pmid30311153">{{cite journal| author=Khalili M, Wong RJ| title=Underserved Does Not Mean Undeserved: Unfurling the HCV Care in the Safety Net. | journal=Dig Dis Sci | year= 2018 | volume= 63 | issue= 12 | pages= 3250-3252 | pmid=30311153 | doi=10.1007/s10620-018-5316-9 | pmc=6436636 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30311153  }} </ref>
*[[Head]] [[trauma]] increases the risk of post traumatic amnesia.<ref name="pmid11475324">{{cite journal| author=Leclerc S, Lassonde M, Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Johnston KM| title=Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes. | journal=Sports Med | year= 2001 | volume= 31 | issue= 8 | pages= 629-36 | pmid=11475324 | doi=10.2165/00007256-200131080-00007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11475324  }} </ref>
*[[Sexual]] [[repression]] in childhood and cultural norms can cause [[infantile]]/childhood amnesia in adults.<ref name="pmid12653489">{{cite journal| author=Wang Q| title=Infantile amnesia reconsidered: a cross-cultural analysis. | journal=Memory | year= 2003 | volume= 11 | issue= 1 | pages= 65-80 | pmid=12653489 | doi=10.1080/741938173 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12653489  }} </ref>
*Prolonged [[trauma]] and childhood [[sexual]] [[abuse]] can increase risk of [[dissociative fugue]].
*[[Sleep deprivation]]<ref name="pmid19300585">{{cite journal| author=Alhola P, Polo-Kantola P| title=Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance. | journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | year= 2007 | volume= 3 | issue= 5 | pages= 553-67 | pmid=19300585 | doi= | pmc=2656292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19300585  }} </ref>
*[[Head trauma]], [[depression]], [[hypertension]], [[Down syndrome]] and [[family history]] can increase the risk of developing [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name="pmid19196745">{{cite journal| author=Burns A, Iliffe S| title=Alzheimer's disease. | journal=BMJ | year= 2009 | volume= 338 | issue=  | pages= b158 | pmid=19196745 | doi=10.1136/bmj.b158 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19196745  }} </ref>
*[[Risk factors]] for [[Korsakoff Syndrome]] include prolonged [[alcohol]] use, [[chemotherapy]], [[dialysis]], extreme [[dieting]], severe [[malnutrition]], [[genetic factors]].<ref>Rosenblum, Laurie B. (March 2011). "Korsakoff's Syndrome". NYU Langone Medical Center.</ref>
*[[Chronic]] [[stress]]<ref name="pmid19755573">{{cite journal| author=Peavy GM, Salmon DP, Jacobson MW, Hervey A, Gamst AC, Wolfson T | display-authors=etal| title=Effects of chronic stress on memory decline in cognitively normal and mildly impaired older adults. | journal=Am J Psychiatry | year= 2009 | volume= 166 | issue= 12 | pages= 1384-91 | pmid=19755573 | doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040461 | pmc=2864084 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19755573  }} </ref>
*Decreased [[socialization]]<ref name="pmid18511736">{{cite journal| author=Ertel KA, Glymour MM, Berkman LF| title=Effects of social integration on preserving memory function in a nationally representative US elderly population. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 2008 | volume= 98 | issue= 7 | pages= 1215-20 | pmid=18511736 | doi=10.2105/AJPH.2007.113654 | pmc=2424091 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18511736  }} </ref>


Patients exposed to physically or emotionally traumatic events  are at a higher risk for developing psychogenic amnesia because they seem to have damaged the [[neuron]]s into the in the brain.<ref name = Brandt>{{cite journal |author=Brandt J, Van Gorp WG |title=Functional ("psychogenic") amnesia |journal=Semin Neurol |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=331–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16791779 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-945519}}</ref><ref name = Markowitsch>{{cite journal |author=Markowitsch HJ |title=Psychogenic amnesia |journal=Neuroimage |volume=20 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=S132–8 |year=2003 |pmid=14597306 |doi=}}</ref> Examples of individuals at greater risk of psychogenic amnesia due to traumatic events include soldiers who have experienced combat, individuals [[Sexual abuse|sexually]] and [[Physical abuse|physically abused]] during [[childhood]] and individuals who have experienced domestic violence, natural disasters, or Terrorism|terrorist acts; essentially any sufficiently severe psychological stress, internal conflict, or intolerable life situation.<ref name = Yang>{{cite journal |author=Yang JC, Jeong GW, Lee MS, ''et al'' |title=Functional MR imaging of psychogenic amnesia: a case report |journal=Korean J Radiol |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=196–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16145296 |doi=}}</ref> Child abuse, especially chronic child abuse starting at an early age has been related to the development of high levels of [[Dissociation (psychology)|dissociative]] symptoms, including amnesia for abuse memories. The study strongly suggested that "independent corroboration of recovered memories of abuse is often present" and that the recovery of the abuse memories generally is not associated with psychotherapy.<ref name=chu>{{cite journal |author=Chu JA, Frey LM, Ganzel BL, Matthews JA |title=Memories of childhood abuse: dissociation, amnesia, and corroboration |journal=Am J Psychiatry |volume=156 |issue=5 |pages=749–55 |year=1999 |pmid=10327909 |doi= | url = http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/156/5/749 }}</ref>
It has been estimated that approximately 0.2 percent of the population experiences ''Dissociative Fugue'', although prevalence increases significantly following a stressful life event, such as wartime experience or some other disaster<ref name="Merck"/>.  Other life stressors may trigger a ''Dissociative Fugue'', such as financial difficulties, personal problems or legal issues.
==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Memory disorders]]
[[Category:Memory disorders]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
 
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Aging, depression, chronic stress, head trauma, chronic sleep deprivation and medications are risk factors for amnesia.

Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ Khalili M, Wong RJ (2018). "Underserved Does Not Mean Undeserved: Unfurling the HCV Care in the Safety Net". Dig Dis Sci. 63 (12): 3250–3252. doi:10.1007/s10620-018-5316-9. PMC 6436636. PMID 30311153.
  2. ↑ Leclerc S, Lassonde M, Delaney JS, Lacroix VJ, Johnston KM (2001). "Recommendations for grading of concussion in athletes". Sports Med. 31 (8): 629–36. doi:10.2165/00007256-200131080-00007. PMID 11475324.
  3. ↑ Wang Q (2003). "Infantile amnesia reconsidered: a cross-cultural analysis". Memory. 11 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1080/741938173. PMID 12653489.
  4. ↑ Alhola P, Polo-Kantola P (2007). "Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 3 (5): 553–67. PMC 2656292. PMID 19300585.
  5. ↑ Burns A, Iliffe S (2009). "Alzheimer's disease". BMJ. 338: b158. doi:10.1136/bmj.b158. PMID 19196745.
  6. ↑ Rosenblum, Laurie B. (March 2011). "Korsakoff's Syndrome". NYU Langone Medical Center.
  7. ↑ Peavy GM, Salmon DP, Jacobson MW, Hervey A, Gamst AC, Wolfson T; et al. (2009). "Effects of chronic stress on memory decline in cognitively normal and mildly impaired older adults". Am J Psychiatry. 166 (12): 1384–91. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040461. PMC 2864084. PMID 19755573.
  8. ↑ Ertel KA, Glymour MM, Berkman LF (2008). "Effects of social integration on preserving memory function in a nationally representative US elderly population". Am J Public Health. 98 (7): 1215–20. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.113654. PMC 2424091. PMID 18511736.

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