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{{Acute pancreatitis}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{TarekNafee}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{TarekNafee}}
==2013 American College of Gastroenterology Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis<ref name="pmid23896955">{{cite journal| author=Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS, American College of Gastroenterology| title=American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. | journal=Am J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 108 | issue= 9 | pages= 1400-15; 1416 | pmid=23896955 | doi=10.1038/ajg.2013.218 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23896955  }} </ref>==
===Diagnosis===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!Recommendation
!Evidence Level
!Strength of Recommendation
|-
|The diagnosis of AP is most often established by the presence of two of the three following criteria: (i) abdominal pain consistent with the disease, (ii) serum amylase and/or lipase greater than three times the upper limit of normal, and/or (iii) characteristic findings from abdominal imaging.
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CECT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pancreas should be reserved for patients in whom the diagnosis is unclear or who fail to improve clinically within the first 48-72h after hospital admission.
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|}


==2013 American College of Gastroenterology Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis==
===Diagnosis===
===Determining Etiology===
===Determining Etiology===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!Recommendation
!Evidence Level
!Strength of Recommendation
|-
|Transabdominal ultrasound should be performed in all patients with acute pancreatitis
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|In the absence of gallstones and/or history of significant history of alcohol use, a serum triglyceride should be obtained and considered the etiology if >1,000 mg/dl 
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|In a patient older than 40 years, a pancreatic tumor should be considered as a possible cause of acute pancreatitis
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|Endoscopic investigation in patients with acute idiopathic pancreatitis should be limited, as the risks and benefits of investigation in these patients are unclear
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|Patients with idiopathic pancreatitis should be referred to centers of expertise
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|Genetic testing may be considered in young patients (<30 years old) if no cause is evident and a family history of pancreatic disease is present
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|}
===Initial Assessment and Risk Stratification===
===Initial Assessment and Risk Stratification===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!Recommendation
!Evidence Level
!Strength of Recommendation
|-
|Hemodynamic status should be assessed immediately upon presentation and resuscitative measures begun as needed
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|Risk assessment should be performed to stratify patients into higher- and lower-risk categories to assist triage, such as admission to an intensive care setting
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|Patients with organ failure should be admitted to an intensive care unit or intermediary care setting whenever possible
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|}
===Initial Management===
===Initial Management===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!Recommendation
!Evidence Level
!Strength of Recommendation
|-
|Aggressive hydration, defined as 250-500 ml per hour of isotonic crystalloid solution should be provided to all patients, unless cardiovascular and/or renal comorbidites exist. Early aggressive intravenous hydration is most beneficial the first 12–24 h, and may have little benefit beyond
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|In a patient with severe volume depletion, manifest as hypotension and tachycardia, more rapid repletion (bolus) may be needed
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|Lactated Ringer's solution may be the preferred isotonic crystalloid replacement fluid
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|Fluid requirements should be reassessed at frequent intervals within 6 h of admission and for the next 24–48 h. The goal of aggressive hydration should be to decrease the blood urea nitrogen
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|}
===Role of ERCP===
===Role of ERCP===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!Recommendation
!Evidence Level
!Strength of Recommendation
|-
|Patients with acute pancreatitis and concurrent acute cholangitis should undergo ERCP within 24 h of admission
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|ERCP is not needed in most patients with gallstone pancreatitis who lack laboratory or clinical evidence of ongoing biliary obstruction
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|In the absence of cholangitis and/or jaundice, MRCP or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) rather than diagnostic ERCP should be used to screen for choledocholithiasis if highly suspected
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|Pancreatic duct stents and/or postprocedure rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) suppositories should be utilized to prevent severe post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk patients 
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|}
===Role of Antibiotics===
===Role of Antibiotics===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!Recommendation
!Evidence Level
!Strength of Recommendation
|-
|Antibiotics should be given for an extrapancreatic infection, such as cholangitis, catheter-acquired infections, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, pneumonia
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|High]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|Routine use of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with severe acute pancreatitis is not recommended 
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|The use of antibiotics in patients with sterile necrosis to prevent the development of infected necrosis is not recommended 
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|Infected necrosis should be considered in patients with pancreatic or extrapancreatic necrosis who deteriorate or fail to improve after 7–10 days of hospitalization. In these patients, either (i) initial CT-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) for Gram stain and culture to guide use of appropriate antibiotics or (ii) empiric use of antibiotics without CT FNA should be given
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|In patients with infected necrosis, antibiotics known to penetrate pancreatic necrosis, such as carbapenems, quinolones, and metronidazole, may be useful in delaying or sometimes totally avoiding intervention, thus decreasing morbidity and mortality
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|Routine administration of antifungal agents along with prophylactic or therapeutic antibiotics is not recommended
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|}
===Nutrition in Acute Pancreatitis===
===Nutrition in Acute Pancreatitis===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!Recommendation
!Evidence Level
!Strength of Recommendation
|-
|In mild AP, oral feedings can be started immediately if there is no nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain has resolved
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|In mild AP, initiation of feeding with a low-fat solid diet appears as safe as a clear liquid diet 
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Conditional]]
|-
|In severe AP, enteral nutrition is recommended to prevent infectious complications. Parenteral nutrition should be avoided unless the enteral route is not available, not tolerated, or not meeting caloric requirements
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|High]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|Nasogastric delivery and nasojejunal delivery of enteral feeding appear comparable in efficacy and safety
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|}
===Role of Surgery===
===Role of Surgery===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%;"
!Recommendation
!Evidence Level
!Strength of Recommendation
|-
|In patients with mild AP, found to have gallstones in the gallbladder, a cholecystectomy should be performed before discharge to prevent a recurrence of AP
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|In a patient with necrotizing biliary AP, in order to prevent infection, cholecystectomy is to be deferred until active inflammation subsides and fluid collections resolve or stabilize
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|The presence of asymptomatic pseudocysts and pancreatic and/or extrapancreatic necrosis do not warrant intervention, regardless of size, location, and/or extension
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Moderate]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|In stable patients with infected necrosis, surgical, radiologic, and/or endoscopic drainage should be delayed preferably for more than 4 weeks to allow liquefication of the contents and the development of a fibrous wall around the necrosis (walled-off necrosis) 
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|-
|In symptomatic patients with infected necrosis, minimally invasive methods of necrosectomy are preferred to open necrosectomy
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Low]]
|[[ACG guidelines classification scheme|Strong]]
|}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WS}}{{WH}}

Latest revision as of 20:25, 1 December 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Tarek Nafee, M.D. [2]

2013 American College of Gastroenterology Guideline: Management of Acute Pancreatitis[1]

Diagnosis

Recommendation Evidence Level Strength of Recommendation
The diagnosis of AP is most often established by the presence of two of the three following criteria: (i) abdominal pain consistent with the disease, (ii) serum amylase and/or lipase greater than three times the upper limit of normal, and/or (iii) characteristic findings from abdominal imaging. Moderate Strong
Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CECT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pancreas should be reserved for patients in whom the diagnosis is unclear or who fail to improve clinically within the first 48-72h after hospital admission. Low Strong

Determining Etiology

Recommendation Evidence Level Strength of Recommendation
Transabdominal ultrasound should be performed in all patients with acute pancreatitis Low Strong
In the absence of gallstones and/or history of significant history of alcohol use, a serum triglyceride should be obtained and considered the etiology if >1,000 mg/dl  Moderate Conditional
In a patient older than 40 years, a pancreatic tumor should be considered as a possible cause of acute pancreatitis Low Conditional
Endoscopic investigation in patients with acute idiopathic pancreatitis should be limited, as the risks and benefits of investigation in these patients are unclear Low Conditional
Patients with idiopathic pancreatitis should be referred to centers of expertise Low Conditional
Genetic testing may be considered in young patients (<30 years old) if no cause is evident and a family history of pancreatic disease is present Low Conditional

Initial Assessment and Risk Stratification

Recommendation Evidence Level Strength of Recommendation
Hemodynamic status should be assessed immediately upon presentation and resuscitative measures begun as needed Moderate Strong
Risk assessment should be performed to stratify patients into higher- and lower-risk categories to assist triage, such as admission to an intensive care setting Moderate Conditional
Patients with organ failure should be admitted to an intensive care unit or intermediary care setting whenever possible Low Strong

Initial Management

Recommendation Evidence Level Strength of Recommendation
Aggressive hydration, defined as 250-500 ml per hour of isotonic crystalloid solution should be provided to all patients, unless cardiovascular and/or renal comorbidites exist. Early aggressive intravenous hydration is most beneficial the first 12–24 h, and may have little benefit beyond Moderate Strong
In a patient with severe volume depletion, manifest as hypotension and tachycardia, more rapid repletion (bolus) may be needed Moderate Conditional
Lactated Ringer's solution may be the preferred isotonic crystalloid replacement fluid Moderate Conditional
Fluid requirements should be reassessed at frequent intervals within 6 h of admission and for the next 24–48 h. The goal of aggressive hydration should be to decrease the blood urea nitrogen Moderate Strong

Role of ERCP

Recommendation Evidence Level Strength of Recommendation
Patients with acute pancreatitis and concurrent acute cholangitis should undergo ERCP within 24 h of admission Moderate Strong
ERCP is not needed in most patients with gallstone pancreatitis who lack laboratory or clinical evidence of ongoing biliary obstruction Low Strong
In the absence of cholangitis and/or jaundice, MRCP or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) rather than diagnostic ERCP should be used to screen for choledocholithiasis if highly suspected Low Conditional
Pancreatic duct stents and/or postprocedure rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) suppositories should be utilized to prevent severe post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk patients  Moderate Conditional

Role of Antibiotics

Recommendation Evidence Level Strength of Recommendation
Antibiotics should be given for an extrapancreatic infection, such as cholangitis, catheter-acquired infections, bacteremia, urinary tract infections, pneumonia High Strong
Routine use of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with severe acute pancreatitis is not recommended  Moderate Strong
The use of antibiotics in patients with sterile necrosis to prevent the development of infected necrosis is not recommended  Moderate Strong
Infected necrosis should be considered in patients with pancreatic or extrapancreatic necrosis who deteriorate or fail to improve after 7–10 days of hospitalization. In these patients, either (i) initial CT-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) for Gram stain and culture to guide use of appropriate antibiotics or (ii) empiric use of antibiotics without CT FNA should be given Low Strong
In patients with infected necrosis, antibiotics known to penetrate pancreatic necrosis, such as carbapenems, quinolones, and metronidazole, may be useful in delaying or sometimes totally avoiding intervention, thus decreasing morbidity and mortality Low Conditional
Routine administration of antifungal agents along with prophylactic or therapeutic antibiotics is not recommended Low Conditional

Nutrition in Acute Pancreatitis

Recommendation Evidence Level Strength of Recommendation
In mild AP, oral feedings can be started immediately if there is no nausea and vomiting, and abdominal pain has resolved Moderate Conditional
In mild AP, initiation of feeding with a low-fat solid diet appears as safe as a clear liquid diet  Moderate Conditional
In severe AP, enteral nutrition is recommended to prevent infectious complications. Parenteral nutrition should be avoided unless the enteral route is not available, not tolerated, or not meeting caloric requirements High Strong
Nasogastric delivery and nasojejunal delivery of enteral feeding appear comparable in efficacy and safety Moderate Strong

Role of Surgery

Recommendation Evidence Level Strength of Recommendation
In patients with mild AP, found to have gallstones in the gallbladder, a cholecystectomy should be performed before discharge to prevent a recurrence of AP Moderate Strong
In a patient with necrotizing biliary AP, in order to prevent infection, cholecystectomy is to be deferred until active inflammation subsides and fluid collections resolve or stabilize Moderate Strong
The presence of asymptomatic pseudocysts and pancreatic and/or extrapancreatic necrosis do not warrant intervention, regardless of size, location, and/or extension Moderate Strong
In stable patients with infected necrosis, surgical, radiologic, and/or endoscopic drainage should be delayed preferably for more than 4 weeks to allow liquefication of the contents and the development of a fibrous wall around the necrosis (walled-off necrosis)  Low Strong
In symptomatic patients with infected necrosis, minimally invasive methods of necrosectomy are preferred to open necrosectomy Low Strong

References

  1. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS, American College of Gastroenterology (2013). "American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis". Am J Gastroenterol. 108 (9): 1400–15, 1416. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.218. PMID 23896955.

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