Adenoiditis classification

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Adenoiditis Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Adenoiditis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

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X Ray

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Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

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Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]

Overview:

Adenoiditis may be classified according to duration of symptoms into 3 subtypes: acute adenoiditis, recurrent acute adenoiditis, and chronic/persistant adenoiditis.[1] Adenoiditis may also be classified according to the responsible pathogen/mechanism of disease into 4 subtypes: viral adenoiditis, bacterial adenoiditis, parasitic adenoiditis, and non-infectious adenoiditis.

Classification

Adenoiditis may be classified according to duration of symptoms into 3 subtypes: acute adenoiditis, recurrent acute adenoiditis, and chronic/persistant adenoiditis.[1] Adenoiditis may also be classified according to the responsible pathogen/mechanism of disease into 4 subtypes: viral adenoiditis, bacterial adenoiditis, parasitic adenoiditis, and non-infectious adenoiditis.

Adenoiditis classification based on durtion of symptoms
Subtypes Duration of symptoms
Acute adenoiditis Acute onset of symptoms[2]
Recurrent acute adenoiditis At least 4 or more episodes of acute adenoiditis within a 6 months period[3]
Chronic/persistent adenoiditis Persistent adenoiditis for more than 6 months

Presence of complications

Adenoiditis classification based on the responsible pathogen and coexisting conditions
Pathogen Clinical features Treatment
Viral adenoiditis[4][5][6] Epstein-barr virus (EBV)
  • Asymptomatic
    • In small children, the course of the disease is frequently asymptomatic. Majority of adults infected with mono also remain asymptomatic with serological evidence of past infection.
  • Treating symptoms and complications of the infection
Human adenovirus
  • Treating symptoms and complications of the infection
Enterovirus
  • Treating symptoms and complications of the infection
Rhinovirus
Respiratory syncytial virus
  • Bronchiolitis (inflammation of the small airways in the lung) and pneumonia in children under 1 year of age
  • Recurrent wheezing and asthma
  • Treating symptoms and complications of the infection
  • Ribavirin
Cytomegalovirus
  • Treating symptoms and complications of the infection
Herpes virus
  • Acyclovir
  • Valacyclovir
  • Famcyclovir
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Bacterial adenoiditis Acute [7][8][9][10] Haemophilus influenzae
  • Beta lactamase inhibitor antibiotics
Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus
Staphylococcus aureus
Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Otitis media and sinusitis, tracheobronchitis and pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, endocarditis
Recurrent[4][9] Usually due to normal flora pathogens:
Chronic [11][9]
Parasitic adenoiditis Toxoplasma gondii
  • Symptoms are often influenza-like: Cervical lymphadenopathy, sore throat, muscle aches and pains that last for a month or more, fever, malaise, night sweats
Non-infectious adenoiditis[4][11][5] Allergies
Asthma
GERD

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 "Head & Neck Surgery--otolaryngology - Google Books".
  2. Havas T, Lowinger D (2002). "Obstructive adenoid tissue: an indication for powered-shaver adenoidectomy". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 128 (7): 789–91. PMID 12117336.
  3. Mohseni S, Shojaiefard A, Khorgami Z, Alinejad S, Ghorbani A, Ghafouri A (2014). "Peripheral lymphadenopathy: approach and diagnostic tools". Iran J Med Sci. 39 (2 Suppl): 158–70. PMC 3993046. PMID 24753638.
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sadeghi-Shabestari M, Jabbari Moghaddam Y, Ghaharri H (2011). "Is there any correlation between allergy and adenotonsillar tissue hypertrophy?". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 75 (4): 589–91. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.01.026. PMID 21377220.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Proenca-Modena JL, Pereira Valera FC, Jacob MG, Buzatto GP, Saturno TH, Lopes L; et al. (2012). "High rates of detection of respiratory viruses in tonsillar tissues from children with chronic adenotonsillar disease". PLoS One. 7 (8): e42136. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042136. PMC 3411673. PMID 22870291.
  6. Endo LH, Ferreira D, Montenegro MC, Pinto GA, Altemani A, Bortoleto AE, Vassallo J (2001). "Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in tonsillar tissue of children and the relationship with recurrent tonsillitis". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 58 (1): 9–15. PMID 11249975.
  7. Lilja M, Räisänen S, Stenfors LE (1998). "Initial events in the pathogenesis of acute tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes". Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 45 (1): 15–20. PMID 9804015.
  8. Wessels MR, Bronze MS (1994). "Critical role of the group A streptococcal capsule in pharyngeal colonization and infection in mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (25): 12238–42. PMC 45412. PMID 7991612.
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 Cunningham, M. W. (2000). "Pathogenesis of Group A Streptococcal Infections". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 13 (3): 470–511. doi:10.1128/CMR.13.3.470-511.2000. ISSN 0893-8512.
  10. Ellen RP, Gibbons RJ (1972). "M protein-associated adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial surfaces: prerequisite for virulence". Infect. Immun. 5 (5): 826–30. PMC 422446. PMID 4564883.
  11. 11.0 11.1 Akcay A, Tamay Z, Dağdeviren E, Guler N, Ones U, Kara CO; et al. (2006). "Childhood asthma and its relationship with tonsillar tissue". Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 24 (2–3): 129–34. PMID 17136878.