Acute myeloid leukemia epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [2]
Overview
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
Acute myeloid leukemia is a relatively rare cancer. There are approximately 10,500 new cases each year in the United States, and the incidence rate has remained stable from 1995 through 2005. AML accounts for 1.2% of all cancer deaths in the United States.
Age
The incidence of AML increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 63 years. AML accounts for about 90% of all acute leukemias in adults, but is rare in children. The rate of therapy-related AML (that is, AML caused by previous chemotherapy) is rising; therapy-related disease currently accounts for about 10–20% of all cases of AML.[1]
Gender
AML is slightly more common in men, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.3:1.[2]
Developed Countries
- There is some geographic variation in the incidence of AML. In adults, the highest rates are seen in North America, Europe, and Oceania.
- In contrast, childhood AML is less common in North America.
Developing Countries
- Adult AML is rarer in Asia and Latin America.[3][4]
- Childhood AML is less common in India than in other parts of Asia.[5]
These differences may be due to population genetics, environmental factors, or a combination of the two.
A hereditary risk for AML appears to exist. There are numerous reports of multiple cases of AML developing in a family at a rate higher than predicted by chance alone.[6][7][8][9] The risk of developing AML is increased threefold in first-degree relatives of patients with AML.[10]
References
- ↑ Leone G, Mele L, Pulsoni A, et al: The incidence of secondary leukemias. Haematologica 84:937, 1999. PMID 10509043
- ↑ Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, et al: Cancer statistics, 2001 erratum appears in CA Cancer J Clin 2001 Mar-Apr;51(2):144. CA Cancer J Clin 2001;51:15–36. PMID 11577478
- ↑ Linet MS: The leukemias: Epidemiologic aspects. In Lilienfeld AM (ed): Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics. New York, Oxford University Press, 1985, p I.
- ↑ Aoki K, Kurihars M, Hayakawa N, et al: Death Rates for Malignant Neoplasms for Selected Sites by Sex and Five-Year Age Group in 33 Countries 1953–57 to 1983–87. Nagoya, Japan, University of Nagoya Press, International Union Against Cancer, 1992.
- ↑ Bhatia S, Neglia JP: Epidemiology of childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 17:94, 1995. PMID 7749772
- ↑ Taylor GM, Birch JM: The hereditary basis of human leukemia. In Henderson ES, Lister TA, Greaves MF (eds): Leukemia, 6th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1996, p 210.
- ↑ Horwitz M, Goode EL, Jarvik GP: Anticipation in familial leukemia. Am J Hum Genet 59:990, 1996. PMID 8900225
- ↑ Crittenden LB: An interpretation of familial aggregation based on multiple genetic and environmental factors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 91:764, 1978. PMID 13696504
- ↑ Horowitz M: The genetics of familial leukemia. Leukemia 11:1345, 1997
- ↑ Gunz FW, Veale AM: Leukemia in close relatives: Accident or predisposition. J Natl Cancer Inst 42:517, 1969. PMID 4180615