Acute diarrhea classification: Difference between revisions

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VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 20:15, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]

Overview

Diarrhea is defined as the passage of unformed or abnormally fluid stools at an increased frequency. Acute diarrhea has a duration of < 4 weeks and may be classified on the basis of etiology and presentation. On the basis of etiology, acute diarrhea may be classified into infectious and non-infectious sub-types. Based on the type of presentation, acute diarrhea may be classified into watery and inflammatory types. Watery diarrhea may be further classified into secretory and osmotic types of diarrhea.

Classification

Classification based on etiology

Acute diarrhea may be classified according to etiology into infectious and non-infectious subtypes/groups. The infectious group may further be classified into bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoal subgroups. The non-infectious group is further classified into diarrhea due to medications, poisoning and systemic illnesses.

Acute diarrhea

Infectious

Non-Infectious

•Shigella species ( S.dysentriae, S.flexneri, S.sonneii, S.boydii)

•E.coli species (Enterotoxigenic E.coli, Enterohemorrhagic E.coli, Enteroinvasive E.coli, EPEC, EAEC)
•Cryptosporidium parvum
•Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahemolyticus
•Clostridium perfringens
•Non-Typhoidal Salmonella: S.typhimurium, S.enterica
•Campylobacter jejuni
•Clostridium difficle
•Yersinia enterocolitica
•Staphylococcus aureus (staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome [TSS]
•Aeromonas
•Plesiomonas shigelloides
•Hemolytic uremic syndrome (Shiga toxin producing E. coli ETEC)
•Mycobacterium Avium complex
•Bacillus cereus

•Listeria monocytogenes

•Astro virus

•Calcivirus
•Noro virus
•Rota virus
•CMV
•Norwalk virus
•Influenza virus
•Rubeola virus
•Dengue virus

•Human immunodeficiency virus

•Cryptococcus
•Candida albicans

•Giardia lamblia

•Microsporidia

•Isospora

•Digoxin

•Cephalosporins
•Thiazide diuretics
•Triptans
•Lactulose
•Anti retroviral agents
•Chemotherapeutic agents
•Antifungals

•Magnesium

•Organophosphate Poisoning
•Opium withdrawal

•Hyperthyroidism

•Irritable bowel syndrome
•Lactose intolerance
•Tumors: VIPoma
•Short bowel syndrome

•Radiation enteritis

Classification based on presentation

Based on the type of presentation, acute diarrhea may be classified into watery and inflammatory types. Watery diarrhea may further be classified into secretory and osmotic types of diarrhea.

Acute diarrhea

Watery

Inflammatory

•Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis

•Cytomegalovirus
•Herpes simplex virus
•Strongyloidiasis
•Aeromonas
•Plesiomonas
•Ischemic colitis

•Radiation colitis

Secretory

Osmotic

•Cholera

•Enterotoxigenic strains of E. coli
•Factitious diarrhea from laxative abuse
•Aeromonas
•Plesiomonas
•Microsporidia
•Giardia
•Coccidia

•Cryptosporidium

•Lactase deficiency

•Lactulose
•Laxative abuse

•Whipple's disease

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{Acute diarrhea}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}}
+{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Cherry}}
 ==Overview==
-There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
+Diarrhea is defined as the passage of unformed or abnormally fluid [[Human feces|stools]] at an increased frequency. Acute diarrhea has a duration of < 4 weeks and may be classified on the basis of [[etiology]] and presentation. On the basis of [[etiology]], acute diarrhea may be classified into [[Infection|infectious]] and non-[[infectious]] sub-types. Based on the type of presentation, acute diarrhea may be classified into watery and [[inflammatory]] types. Watery diarrhea may be further classified into secretory and osmotic types of diarrhea.
-OR
-[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups: [group1], [group2], [group3], and [group4].
-OR
-[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
-[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on [classification method 1], [classification method 2], and [classification method 3].
-OR
-Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
-OR
-If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
-According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
-OR
-The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
-OR
-There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
 ==Classification==
-==Classification==
-There are at least four types of diarrhea: secretory diarrhea, osmotic diarrhea, motility-related diarrhea, and inflammatory diarrhea.
-===Secretory Diarrhea===
-Secretory diarrhea means that there is an increase in the active secretion, or there is an inhibition of absorption. There is little to no structural damage. The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ions. Therefore, to maintain a charge balance in the lumen, [[sodium]] is carried with it, along with water.
-===Osmotic Diarrhea===
-Osmotic diarrhea occurs when there is a loss of water due to a heavy osmotic load. This can occur when there is [[maldigestion]] (e.g., pancreatic disease or [[Coeliac disease]]), where the nutrients are left in the lumen, which pulls water into the lumen.
+==== Classification based on etiology ====
+*Acute diarrhea may be classified according to [[etiology]] into [[infectious]] and non-[[infectious]] subtypes/groups. The [[infectious]] group may further be classified into [[Bacteria|bacterial]], [[Virus|viral]], [[Fungus|fungal]] and [[Protozoa|protozoal]] subgroups. The non-infectious group is further classified into diarrhea due to [[Medication|medications]], [[Poison|poisoning]] and systemic illnesses.
+{{Family tree/start}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | |A01= Acute diarrhea}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | |C01=Infectious |C02=Non-Infectious}}
+{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
+{{Family tree | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|.| }}
+{{Family tree | | | C01 | | C02 | | | | | C03 | | C04 | | | | | | C05 | | | C06 | | | C07 | | | |C01=[[Bacterial]]|C02=[[Viral]]|C03=[[Fungal]]|C04=[[Protozoa]]|C05=[[Medications]]|C06=[[Poisoning]]|C07=[[Systemic illness]]}}
+{{family tree | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |!| | | | |}}
+{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left; | | | C01 | | C02 | | | | | C03 | | C04 | | | | | | C05 | | | C06 | | | C07 | | | |C01=	•[[Shigella]] species ( S.dysentriae, S.flexneri, S.sonneii, S.boydii)<br>
+•[[E.coli]] species (Enterotoxigenic E.coli, Enterohemorrhagic E.coli, Enteroinvasive E.coli, EPEC, EAEC)<br>
+•[[Cryptosporidium parvum]]<br>
+•[[Vibrio cholerae]], [[Vibrio parahemolyticus]]<br>
+•[[Clostridium perfringens]]<br>
+•Non-Typhoidal [[Salmonella]]: S.typhimurium, S.enterica<br>
+•[[Campylobacter jejuni]]<br>
+•[[Clostridium difficle]]<br>
+•[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]<br>
+•[[Staphylococcus aureus]] (staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome [TSS]<br>
+•[[Aeromonas]]<br>
+•[[Plesiomonas shigelloides]]<br>
+•[[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]] (Shiga toxin producing E. coli ETEC)<br>
+•[[Mycobacterium Avium complex]]<br>
+•[[Bacillus cereus]]<br>
+•[[Listeria monocytogenes]]<br>
-===Motility-Related Diarrhea===
+|C02=
+•[[Astro virus]]<br>
+•[[Calcivirus]]<br>
+•[[Noro virus]]<br>
+•[[Rota virus]]<br>
+•[[CMV]]<br>
+•[[Norwalk virus]]<br>
+•[[Influenza virus]]<br>
+•[[Rubeola virus]]<br>
+•[[Dengue virus]]<br>
+•[[Human immunodeficiency virus]]<br>
+| C03=
+•[[Cryptococcus]]<br>
+•[[Candida albicans]]<br>
+| C04=
+•[[Giardia lamblia]]<br>
+•[[Microsporidia]]<br>
+•[[Isospora]]<br>
+|C05=
+•[[Digoxin]]<br>
+•[[Cephalosporins]]<br>
+•[[Thiazide diuretics]]<br>
+•[[Triptans]]<br>
+•[[Lactulose]]<br>
+•[[Anti retroviral agents]]<br>
+•[[Chemotherapeutic agents]]<br>
+•[[Antifungals]]<br>
+•[[Magnesium]]<br>
+| C06=
+•[[Organophosphate]] Poisoning<br>
+•[[Opium withdrawal]]<br>
+| C07=
+•[[Hyperthyroidism]]<br>
+•[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]<br>
+•[[Lactose intolerance]]<br>
+•[[Tumors]]: [[VIPoma]]<br>
+•[[Short bowel syndrome]]<br>
+•[[Radiation enteritis]]<br>
+}}
+{{Family tree/end}}
-Motility-related diarrhea occurs when the motility of the gastrointestinal tract is abnormally high. If the food moves too quickly, there is not enough time for sufficient nutrients and water to be absorbed. This can be due to a [[vagotomy]] or [[diabetic neuropathy]], or a complication of [[menstruation]].
+==== Classification based on presentation ====
+*Based on the type of presentation, acute diarrhea may be classified into watery and inflammatory types. Watery diarrhea may further be classified into secretory and osmotic types of diarrhea.
-===Inflammatory Diarrhea===
+{{Family tree/start}}
-Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids, and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea can be found in this type of diarrhea. It can be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel disease.
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | |A01= Acute diarrhea}}
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}
-===Others===
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
-* [[Infectious diarrhea]]
+{{familytree | | | | | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | |C01= Watery |C02=Inflammatory}}
-* [[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
+{{family tree| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |}}
-* [[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
+{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left; | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | | C03 | | | |C03=
-* [[Malabsorption]]
+•[[Crohn’s disease]] or [[ulcerative colitis]]<br>
+•[[Cytomegalovirus]]<br>
-*There is no established system for the classification of [disease name].
+•[[Herpes simplex virus]]<br>
-OR
+•[[Strongyloidiasis]]<br>
-*[Disease name] may be classified according to [classification method] into [number] subtypes/groups:
+•[[Aeromonas]]<br>
-**[Group1]
+•[[Plesiomonas]]<br>
-**[Group2]
+•[[Ischemic colitis]]<br>
-**[Group3]
+•[[Radiation colitis]]}}
-**[Group4]
+{{family tree| | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | |C01= Secretory| C02= Osmotic}}
-OR
+{{family tree| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |}}
-*[Disease name] may be classified into [large number > 6] subtypes based on:
+{{familytree |boxstyle=text-align: left; | | | | C01 | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | C01= •Cholera<br>
-**[Classification method 1]
+•Enterotoxigenic strains of [[E. coli]]<br>
-**[Classification method 2]
+•Factitious diarrhea from [[laxative abuse]]<br>
-**[Classification method 3]
+•[[Aeromonas]]<br>
-*[Disease name] may be classified into several subtypes based on:
+•[[Plesiomonas]]<br>
-**[Classification method 1]
+•[[Microsporidia]]<br>
-**[Classification method 2]
+•[[Giardia]]<br>
-**[Classification method 3]
+•[[Coccidia]]<br>
-OR
+•[[Cryptosporidium]]
-*Based on the duration of symptoms, [disease name] may be classified as either acute or chronic.
+| C02=
-OR
+•[[Lactase deficiency]]<br>
-*If the staging system involves specific and characteristic findings and features:
+•[[Lactulose]]<br>
-*According to the [staging system + reference], there are [number] stages of [malignancy name] based on the [finding1], [finding2], and [finding3]. Each stage is assigned a [letter/number1] and a [letter/number2] that designate the [feature1] and [feature2].
+•[[Laxative abuse]]<br>
-OR
+•[[Whipple's disease]]}}
-*The staging of [malignancy name] is based on the [staging system].
+{{Family tree/end}}
-OR
-*There is no established system for the staging of [malignancy name].
 ==References==
@@ Line 87: / Line 116: @@
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}
-[[Category: (name of the system)]]
+[[Category:Medicine]]
+[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]