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  | Image          = Abdominal mass 1.jpg
  | Image          = Abdominal mass 1.jpg
  | Caption        = This infant has massive hepatomegaly due to metastatic neuroblastoma. Intra-abdominal pressure is partially relieved by a silastic pouch. <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>
  | Caption        = This infant has massive hepatomegaly due to metastatic neuroblastoma. Intra-abdominal pressure is partially relieved by a silastic pouch. <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>
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'''For patient information page on this topic, click [[Abdominal mass (patient information)|here]].'''
{{CMG}}


{{Editor Join}}
{{Abdominal mass}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:Johnfanisrour|John Fani Srour, M.D.]]


==Overview==
==[[Abdominal mass overview|Overview]]==


An '''abdominal mass''' is any localized enlargement or [[swelling]] in the [[human abdomen]]. Depending on its location, the abdominal mass may be caused by an enlarged [[liver]] ([[hepatomegaly]]), enlarged [[spleen]] ([[splenomegaly]]), protruding [[kidney]], a [[Pancreas|pancreatic mass]], a [[Retroperitoneum|retroperitoneal mass]] (a mass in the [[posterior ]] of the [[peritoneum]]), an [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]], or various [[tumour]]s, such as those caused by abdominal [[carcinomatosis]] and [[omental]] [[metastasis]]. The [[treatment]]s depend on the cause, and may range from [[watchful waiting]] to radical [[surgery]].
==[[Abdominal mass pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


==Features==
==[[Abdominal mass causes|Causes]]==
Many '''abdominal mass'''es are discovered incidentally during routine [[physical examination]]. When they present [[symptom]]atically, '''abdominal mass'''es are most frequently associated with [[Pain and nociception|pain]] or digestive problems. However, depending on the cause, masses may be associated with other [[sign (medical)|sign]]s and symptoms, such as [[jaundice]] or [[bowel obstruction]].


==Diagnosis==
==[[Abdominal mass differential diagnosis|Differentiating Abdominal Mass from other Diseases]]==
The first steps in diagnosis are a [[medical history]] and physical examination. Important clues during history include [[weight loss]], [[diarrhea]] and [[abdominal pain]].


During physical examination, the clinician must identify the location of the mass, as well as characterize its location (usually specified in terms of quadrants). The mass should be assessed for whether it is rigid or mobile. It should also be characterized for pulse or [[peristalsis]], as these would help in further identifying the mass.
==[[Abdominal mass epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
 
Routine [[blood test]]s are usually the next step in diagnosis after a thorough medical history and physical examination. They should include a [[full blood count]], [[blood urea nitrogen]] ([[BUN]]), [[creatinine]], and [[liver function tests]] such as [[Liver function tests#Albumin (Alb)|albumin]], [[international normalized ratio]] ([[INR]]), [[partial thromboplastin time]] ([[PTT]]), [[serum amylase]] and [[Liver function tests#Total bilirubin (TBIL)|total bilirubin]] ([[TBIL]]). If late-stage [[liver disease]] is suspected, then a [[Liver function tests#Serum glucose (BG, Glu)|serum glucose]] may be appropriate.
 
==Complete Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Abdominal Mass==
 
In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
 
*[[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm]]
*[[Abscess]]
*[[Actinomyces]]
*[[Acute pancreatitis]]
*[[Adrenal tumor]]
*[[Alveolar hydatid disease]] (parasite mass, most commonly involving the liver)
*[[Amyloidosis]] (hepatomegaly and splenomegaly)
*[[Aneurysms]]
*[[Ascites]] (localized ascites)
*[[Autoimmune pancreatitis]] (inflammatory mass)
*[[Bezoar]]
*[[Biliary atresia]]
*[[Bladder]] distention
*[[Blind loop syndrome]] ( the mass is the loop of the bowel)
*[[Bowel obstruction]] (the mass is a loop of the obstructed bowel)
*[[Brenner tumor]] (ovarian tumor)
*[[Burkitt's lymphoma]]
*[[Carcinoid tumours]]
*[[Cholangiocarcinoma]]
*[[Cholecystitis]] ( inflammatory mass, or abscess)
*[[Choledochal cyst]]
*[[Cholelithiasis]] ( a stone filled gallbladder can produces a painless right-upper-quadrant mass)
*[[Choriocarcinoma]]
*[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]] (splenomegaly)
*[[Cirrhosis]] ( the liver itself or one significantly enlarged nodule) C66
*[[Colonic diverticulitis]] (inflammatory mass or peridiverticular abscess)
*[[Colorectal cancer]]
*[[Congenital megacolon]] ([[Hirschsprung's disease]])
*[[Constipation]] (fecal mass or dilated colon)
*[[Crohn's disease]] ( abscess, loop of obstructed bowel, or inflammatory mass with or with out fistula)
*[[Cryptorchidism]]
*[[Dermoid cyst]]
*[[Desmoplastic small round cell tumor]] ( soft tissue sarcoma, usually multiple abdominal masses)
*[[Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome]] ( in patients with cystic fibrosis or pancreatic enzymes insufficiency)
*[[Ectopic pregnancy]]
*[[Endodermal sinus tumor]]
*[[Endometriosis]]
*[[Entamoeba histolytica]] (hepatomegaly and splenomegaly)
*[[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]] ( rare presentation as an obstructing caecal mass)
*Extramedullary [[hematopoiesis]] (splenomegaly)
*[[Gallbladder cancer|Gallbladder benign tumors]]
*[[Gallbladder cancer]]
*[[Gallbladder empyema]]
*[[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor]]
*[[Gastroschisis]] ( other names paraomphalocele, laparoschisis, or abdominoschisis)
*[[Germ cell tumor]]
*[[Hamartoma]]
*[[Hemangioendothelioma]]
*[[Hemangiopericytoma]]
*[[Hepatic adenoma]]
*[[Hepatoblastoma]]
*[[Hepatomegaly]]
**4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase deficiency
**Alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency (Hurler syndrome)
**Alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency (Hurler-Scheie syndrome)
**Alpha-mannosidase deficiency
**[[Amyloidosis ]]
**Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency
**Arginosuccinate synthetase deficiency
**Arginosuccinic aciduria
**Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1
**Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2
**Berardinelli lipodystrophy syndrome
**Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 deficiency
**Castleman disease
**Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome
**Chanarin-Dorfman disease
**[[Chediak-Higashi disease ]]
**[[Cholesterol ester storage disease ]]
**[[Coproporphyria, hereditary ]]
**[[Cystic fibrosis ]]
**Dibasic aminoaciduria type 2
**Extramedullary haemopoiesis
**Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency
**Familial histiocytic reticulosis
**Familial hypertriglyceridaemia
**Fanconi-Bickel syndrome
**Farber lipogranulomatosis
**Fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase deficiency
**Fructose-1-phosphate aldolase deficiency
**[[ Fucosidosis ]]
**[[Fumarase deficiency ]]
**Galactose epimerase deficiency
**[[Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency ]]
**Gangliosidosis GM1, type 1
**Gangliosidosis GM1, type 3
**Gangliosidosis GM3
**[[Gaucher disease ]]
**Geleophysic dysplasia
**[[Glutaric acidemia type 2 ]]
**Glycine N-methyltransferase deficiency
**Glycogenosis type 1a
**Glycogenosis type 1b
**Glycogenosis type 2
**Glycogenosis type 3
**Glycogenosis type 6
**Glycogenosis type 8
**[[Haemochromatosis ]]
**Hepatic [[hemangioma ]]
**Hepatic venoocclusive disease with immunodeficiency ]]
**Hepatocellular jaundice]]
**[[I-cell disease ]]
**Iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency
**[[Iminodipeptiduria ]]
**[[Lipoprotein lipase deficiency ]]
**Liver [[granuloma]]
**Long chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
**Long-chain Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
**Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVB
**[[Mucopolysaccharidosis VI ]]
**[[Myelofibrosis ]]
**Niemann-Pick disease type B
**Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C
**Norrbottnian Gaucher disease
**Osteopetrosis (malignant)
**Osteopetrosis (malignant)
**Plasma membrane carnitine transporter deficiency
**[[POEMS syndrome ]]
**[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
**[[Polycystic liver disease ]]
**Riedel lobe of liver
**[[Salla disease ]]
**[[Sandhoff disease ]]
**Sanfilippo disease
**[[Sickle cell crisis ]]
**Sphingomyelinase deficiency
**[[Syphilis]], congenital
**Toxoplasma, congenital
**Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
**[[Visceral larva migrans]]
**[[Wilson disease]]
**Wolcott-Rallison syndrome
**Zimmermann-Laband syndrome
 
*[[Hernia]]
*[[Hirschsprung's disease]] (congenital megacolon)
*[[Hodgkin's lymphoma]]
*[[Hydatid cyst]]
*[[Hydronephrosis]]
*[[Intususception]] of the intestine
*[[kala-azar]] or [[Leishmaniasis]] (splenomegaly)
*[[Kaposi sarcoma]]
*[[Kidney cancer]] (including renal cell carcinoma)
*[[Krukenberg tumor]] (secondary ovarian malignancy whose primary site arose in the gastrointestinal tract)
*[[Large bowel obstruction]]
*[[Leiomyoma]]
*[[Liposarcoma]](retroperitoneal)
*[[Liver abscess]]
*[[Liver cancer|Liver cancer, metastatic]]
*[[Liver cancer|Liver cancer, primary]] ([[hepatocellular carcinoma]])
*Liver [[granuloma]]
*[[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]
*[[Meigs syndrome]] (ovarian tumor)
*Mesenteric cyst
*[[Mesothelioma]] ( abdominal )
*Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALTOMA)
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] (hepatomegaly and splenomegaly)
*[[Nephroblastoma]]
*[[Neurilemmoma]]
*[[Neuroblastoma]]
*[[Neuroendocrine tumor]]
*[[Neurofibromatosis]]
*[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
*[[Obesity]] ( subcutaneous fat mass)
*[[Oesophagostomiasis]] ( a parasitic intestinal helminth that develops in the colonic wall, causing pus-filled granulomas)
*[[Ogilvie's Syndrome]] (dilated loop of bowels)
*[[Oncocytoma]] (of the kidney)
*[[Ovarian cancer]]
*[[Ovarian cyst]]
*[[Courvoisier's law|Palpable gallbladder]] ([[Courvoisier's law|Courvoisier's sign]])
*Pancreatic [[abscess]]
*[[Pancreatic cancer]]
*[[Pancreatic islet cell tumors ]]
*[[Pancreatic pseudocyst]]
*[[Pelvic inflammatory disease]] (abscess)
*[[Pelvic kidney]]
*[[Peritoneal adhesions]]
*[[Phaeochromocytoma]]
*[[Plexosarcoma]]
*[[Polycystic kidney disease]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Prune belly syndrome]]
*[[Pseudomyxoma peritonei]]
*[[Pyloric stenosis]]
*[[Rectus sheath hematoma]]
*[[Renal cell carcinoma]]
*[[Renal oncocytoma]]
*[[Renal transplantation]] (the mass is the transplanted kidney)
*[[Rhabdoid tumor]]
*Riedel lobe of liver (sessile accessory lobe of the liver, a normal variant)
*[[Sacrococcygeal teratoma]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]] ( granulomatus mass, [[hepatomegaly]], or [[splenomegaly]]
*[[Sickle cell crisis]] (abdominal / sequestration)
*[[Sister Mary Joseph nodule]]
*Small bowel [[lymphoma]]
*[[Small bowel obstruction]]
*[[Small intestine cancer]]
*Spleen [[lymphoma]]
*[[Splenomegaly]]
**[[Acanthocheilonemiasis ]]
**Adult T cell leukemia
**Alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency (Hurler syndrome)
**Alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency (Hurler-Scheie syndrome)
**Alpha-mannosidase deficiency
**[[Amyloidosis]]
**Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinaemia
**Apolipoprotein C-II deficiency
**Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 1
**Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome type 2
**[[Babesiosis ]]
**[[Bartonellosis ]]
**[[Beta thalassaemia (heterozygous) ]]
**[[Brucellosis ]]
**Cardiac failure, right sided
**Castleman disease
**[[Cat scratch fever ]]
**Chanarin-Dorfman disease
**[[Chediak-Higashi disease ]]
**[[Cholesterol ester storage disease ]]
**[[Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia ]]
**[[Chronic myeloid leukaemia ]]
**Common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia
**Congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia type 1
**Congenital erythropoeitic porphyria
**[[Coproporphyria, hereditary ]]
**Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome
**[[Dengue ]]
**[[Endocarditis ]]
**[[Epstein-Barr virus ]]
**Extramedullary haemopoiesis
**Familial alphalipoprotein deficiency
**Familial histiocytic reticulosis
**Familial hypertriglyceridaemia
**Farber lipogranulomatosis
**[[Filgrastim ]]
**[[Fucosidosis ]]
**[[Fumarase deficiency ]]
**Galactose epimerase deficiency
**[[Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency ]]
**[[Gamma heavy chain disease ]]
**Gangliosidosis GM1, type 1
**Gangliosidosis GM1, type 3
**Gangliosidosis GM3
**[[Gaucher disease ]]
**Geleophysic dysplasia
**Glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency
**Glycogenosis type 4
**Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
**[[Haemochromatosis ]]
**Haemoglobin C disease
**Haemoglobin E disease
**Haemoglobin SC disease
**[[Haemolytic disease of the newborn]]
**[[Hairy cell leukaemia ]]
**Hepatic portal vein obstruction
**Hepatic vein thrombosis
**[[Hepatitis B ]]
**[[Hereditary spherocytosis ]]
**[[Histiocytosis X ]]
**[[Hodgkin lymphoma ]]
**[[I-cell disease ]]
**Iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency
**[[Iminodipeptiduria ]]
**[[Infectious mononucleosis ]]
**Juvenile chronic arthritis
**[[Kartagener syndrome ]]
**[[Long chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency ]]
**[[Macrophage activation syndrome]]
**[[Malaria (benign quartan) ]]
**[[Malaria (benign tertian) ]]
**[[Malaria (malignant tertian) ]]
**[[Mastocytosis ]]
**[[McLeod phenotype]]
**[[Mevalonate kinase deficiency ]]
**[[Mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia ]]
**[[mu chain disease ]]
**[[Mucopolysaccharidosis VI ]]
**[[Myelofibrosis ]]
**[[Myeloma ]]
**[[Neutrophilia, hereditary ]]
**[[Niemann-Pick disease type B ]]
**[[Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C ]]
**[[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
**[[Norrbottnian Gaucher disease ]]
**[[Osteopetrosis (malignant) ]]
**[[Paragonimiasis ]]
**[[Polycythaemia rubra vera ]]
**[[Primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia ]]
**[[Primary biliary cirrhosis ]]
**[[Primary thrombocythemia, acquired ]]
**[[Psittacosis ]]
**[[Relapsing fever ]]
**[[Rickettsiae ]]
**[[Rubella]]
**[[Salla disease ]]
**[[Sandhoff disease ]]
**[[Sanfilippo disease ]]
**[[Sarcoidosis ]]
**[[Schistosoma haematobium ]]
**[[Schistosoma mansoni ]]
**[[Sea blue histiocytosis ]]
**[[Serum sickness]]
**[[Sickle cell disease]]
**Sleeping sickness (East African)
**Sleeping sickness (West African)
**Sphingomyelinase deficiency
**Still disease, adult-onset
**Still Disease, Juvenile-Onset
**Syphilis, congenital
**[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
**[[Tertiary syphilis ]]
**[[Toxocariasis]]
**[[Toxoplasma ]]
**Toxoplasma, congenital
**[[Trench fever ]]
**[[Typhus fever ]]
**Tyrosinaemia type 1
**[[Visceral larva migrans]]
**[[Visceral leishmaniasis]]
**[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
**Waldenström macroglobulinaemia
**[[Whipple disease]]
**Zimmermann-Laband syndrome
*[[Splenosis]] (autotransplantation of splenic tissues, usually after splenic rupture)
*[[Stomach cancer]]
*[[Syphilis]](congenital)
*[[Tertiary syphilis]] (mass, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly)
*[[Toxic megacolon]]
*[[Toxoplasmosis]](congenital)
*[[Transitional cell carcinoma]] (bladder)
*[[Urachal cyst]] (a sinus remaining from the allantosis during embryogenesis)
*[[Ureteropelvic junction obstruction]] (pediatric hydronephrosis and palpable kidneys)
*[[Urine retention]] (distended bladder)
*Uterine enlargement
*Uterine [[leiomyoma]] (fibroids)
*[[Varicocele]]
*[[Vermiform appendix]]
*[[Visceral larva migrans]]
*[[Volvulus]] (twisted piece of the gastrointestinal tract)
*[[Wandering spleen]]
*Wilm's tumor (pediatric renal tumor)
*[[Yersinia enterocolitica]] (inflammatory mass, lymphoid mass, or Intususception of intestine)
 
==Complete Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Abdominal Mass (by organ system)==
{|style="width:90%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | *[[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|
[[Acute pancreatitis]], [[Ascites]], [[Autoimmune pancreatitis]], [[Bezoar]], [[Biliary atresia]], [[Blind loop syndrome]], [[Bowel obstruction]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Cholecystitis]], [[Choledochal cyst]], [[Cholelithiasis]], [[Cirrhosis]], [[Colonic diverticulitis]], Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, [[Congenital megacolon]], [[Constipation]], [[Crohn's disease]], [[Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome]], [[Gastroschisis]], [[Hepatomegaly]], [[Hirschsprung's disease]], Liver [[granuloma]], Palpable gallbladder (Courvoisier's sign, [[Pancreatic pseudocyst]], [[Pyloric stenosis]], Riedel lobe of liver, [[Splenosis]], [[Toxic megacolon]],
[[Urachal cyst]], [[Vermiform appendix]], [[Volvulus]], [[Wandering spleen]], [[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abscess]], [[Actinomyces]], [[Alveolar hydatid disease]], [[Bartonellosis]], [[Brucellosis]], [[Cat scratch fever]], [[Entamoeba histolytica]], [[Gallbladder empyema]], [[kala-azar]],  [[Leishmaniasis]], [[Kaposi sarcoma]], [[Liver abscess]], Liver [[granuloma]], [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]], [[Malaria]], [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[Oesophagostomiasis]], Pancreatic [[abscess]], [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[Psittacosis]], [[Relapsing fever ]], [[Syphilis]], congenital, [[Tertiary syphilis]], [[Toxoplasmosis]], congenital, [[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Choriocarcinoma]], [[Ectopic pregnancy]], [[Endometriosis]], [[Meigs syndrome]], [[Pelvic inflammatory disease]], [[Pregnancy]], Uterine enlargement, [[Uterine leiomyoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adrenal tumor]],  [[Brenner tumor]], [[Burkitt's lymphoma]], [[Carcinoid tumours]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]],  [[Choriocarcinoma]], [[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Desmoplastic small round cell tumor]], [[Endodermal sinus tumor]], Gallbladder benign tumors, [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor]], [[Germ cell tumor]], [[Hairy cell leukaemia]], [[Hamartoma]], [[Hemangioendothelioma]], [[Hemangiopericytoma]], [[Hepatic adenoma]], [[Hepatoblastoma]], [[Histiocytosis X]],  [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]],
[[Kaposi sarcoma]], [[Kidney cancer]],  [[Krukenberg tumor]], [[Leiomyoma]], [[Liposarcoma]], Metastatic Liver cancer, Primary Liver cancer, [[Meigs syndrome]], [[Nephroblastoma]], [[Neurilemmoma]], [[Neuroendocrine tumor]], [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]], [[Oncocytoma]], [[Ovarian cancer]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatic islet cell tumors]], [[Phaeochromocytoma]], [[Plexosarcoma]], [[POEMS syndrome]], [[Pseudomyxoma peritonei]], [[Renal cell carcinoma]], [[Renal oncocytoma]], [[Rhabdoid tumor]], [[Sacrococcygeal teratoma]], [[Sickle cell crisis]], [[Sister Mary Joseph nodule]], Small bowel [[lymphoma]], Spleen [[lymphoma]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma]], [[Uterine leiomyoma]], Wilm's tumor
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Bladder distention, [[Cryptorchidism]], [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Kidney cancer]], [[Pelvic kidney]], [[Polycystic kidney disease]], [[Renal cell carcinoma]], [[Renal oncocytoma]], [[Renal transplantation]], [[Transitional cell carcinoma]], [[Urine retention]], [[Varicocele]], Wilm's tumor
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}
 
 
===Physical Examination===
* Associated symptoms:
*:* [[Rectal bleeding]]
*:* [[Weight change]]
*:* [[Urinary symptoms]]
*:* [[Fever]]
*:* [[Changes in bowel habits]]
 
====Abdomen====
* Examine [[abdomen]] for areas of [[tenderness]]
 
====Other====
* Examine [[pelvis]] for areas of [[tenderness]]
 
===Laboratory Findings===
* [[Blood urea nitrogen]] ([[BUN]])/[[creatinine]]
* [[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]])
* [[LFTs]] ([[liver function tests]])
* [[Urinalysis]]
* [[Beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin]]
====Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies====
* [[Electrolytes]]
* [[Tumor markers]] (if concern is [[malignancy]])
* [[Toxicology]] screen
* [[Blood culture]] (if concern is [[infection]])
 
====X Ray====
* [[KUB]] ([[kidneys, ureters, bladder]]) [[x-rays]] could possibly reveal free [[intraperitoneal]] air, [[constipation]] or obstruction.
 
====MRI and CT====
* Abdominal [[CT]] with oral [[IV]] contrast will evaluate for bowel [[pathology]], [[abscess]], and [[hepatosplenomegaly]]
 
====Other Diagnostic Studies====
* [[Laparoscopy]] of the intra-abdominal cavity allows for direct visualization
* [[Colonoscopy]] helps in the diagnosis of bowel [[pathology]]
* [[Paracentesis]] with fluid evaluation.


==[[Abdominal mass risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


==[[Abdominal mass natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==


==Diagnosis==


[[Abdominal mass history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Abdominal mass physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Abdominal mass laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Abdominal mass x ray|X Ray]] | [[Abdominal mass CT|CT]] | [[Abdominal mass MRI|MRI]] | [[Abdominal mass ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Abdominal mass other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Abdominal mass other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
* Immediately treat life-threatening causes (such as abdominal aortic aneurysms).
* Organomegaly typically resolves once the underlying etiology is treated.
===Acute Pharmacotherapies===
* [[Ogilvie's syndrome]] responds to decompression by IV [[neostigmine]] or by a rectal tube
* [[Constipation]] is usually treated with [[laxative]]s, increased dietary fiber and fluids, enemas.
*:* Manual disimpaction is reserved for fecal impaction.
*:* Stop use of offending medications.
* Masses caused by infections require [[antibiotic]]s (and possible surgery)
===Surgery and Device Based Therapy===
* Several benign and malignant masses require surgical intervention
* [[Hirschsprung's disease]] often requires surgery.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==Additional Resources==
* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency MedlinePlus medical encyclopedia]: [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003274.htm Abdominal mass] - An informative primer on abdominal masses and their common causes.
* [http://gastroresource.com/GITextbook/en/Default.htm First Principles of Gastroenterology]: [http://gastroresource.com/GITextbook/En/chapter1/1-18.htm Abdominal Mass] - This chapter discusses the basic approach to abdominal masses.
==Acknowledgements==
The content on this page was first contributed by {{CMG}}
{{SIB}}


[[Abdominal mass medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Abdominal mass surgery|Surgery]] | [[Abdominal mass primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Abdominal mass secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Abdominal mass cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Abdominal mass future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


== Case Studies ==
[[Abdominal mass  case study one|Case #1]]


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Revision as of 01:13, 24 October 2017

Abdominal mass
This infant has massive hepatomegaly due to metastatic neuroblastoma. Intra-abdominal pressure is partially relieved by a silastic pouch.
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

For patient information page on this topic, click here.

Abdominal mass Microchapters

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Overview

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Abdominal Mass from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

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Laboratory Findings

X Ray

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

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Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: John Fani Srour, M.D.

Overview

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Abdominal Mass from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | X Ray | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1


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