Prostate cancer natural history, complications and prognosis
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Prognosis
Prostate cancer rates are higher and prognosis poorer in developed countries than the rest of the world. Many of the risk factors for prostate cancer are more prevalent in the developed world, including longer life expectancy and diets high in red meat and dairy products (although it must be noted, that people who consume larger amounts of meat and dairy, also tend to consume fewer portions of fruits and vegetables. It's not currently known whether or not both of this factors, or just one of them, contributes to the occurrence of prostate cancer).[1] Also, where there is more access to screening programs, there is a higher detection rate. Prostate cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the world, but is the number one non-skin cancer in United States men. Prostate cancer affected eighteen percent of American men and caused death in three percent in 2005.[2] In Japan, death from prostate cancer was one-fifth to one-half the rates in the United States and Europe in the 1990s.[3] In India in the 1990s, half of the people with prostate cancer confined to the prostate died within ten years.[4] African-American men have 50–60 times more prostate cancer and prostate cancer deaths than men in Shanghai, China.[5] In Nigeria, two percent of men develop prostate cancer and 64% of them are dead after two years.[6]
In patients who undergo treatment, the most important clinical prognostic indicators of disease outcome are stage, pre-therapy PSA level and Gleason score. In general, the higher the grade and the stage, the poorer the prognosis. Nomograms can be used to calculate the estimated risk of the individual patient. The predictions are based on the experience of large groups of patients suffering from cancers at various stages.[7]
References
- ↑ ACS :: What Are The Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer?
- ↑ Jemal, A (2005). "Cancer statistics, 2005". CA Cancer J Clin. 55 (1): 10–30. PMID 15661684. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help) Erratum in: CA Cancer J Clin. 2005 Jul-Aug;55(4):259. - ↑ Wakai, K (2005). "Descriptive epidemiology of prostate cancer in Japan and Western countries". Nippon Rinsho. 63 (2): 207–12. PMID 15714967. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) Review. Template:Ja icon - ↑ Yeole, BB (2001). "Population based survival from prostate cancer in Mumbai (Bombay), India". Indian J Cancer. 38 (2–4): 126–32. PMID 1259345. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Hsing, AW (2000). "International trends and patterns of prostate cancer incidence and mortality". Int J Cancer. 85 (1): 60–7. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000101)85:1<60::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-B. PMID 10585584. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Osegbe, DN (1997). "Prostate cancer in Nigerians: facts and nonfacts". J Urol. 157 (4): 1340–3. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(01)64966-8. PMID 9120935. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Di Blasio CJ, Rhee AC, Cho D, Scardino PT, Kattan MW (2003). "Predicting clinical end points: treatment nomograms in prostate cancer". Semin Oncol. 30 (5): 567–86. doi:10.1016/S0093-7754(03)00351-8. PMID 14571407.