Thymoma diagnostic study of choice

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Shyam Patel [2] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Khuram Nouman, M.D. [2]

Overview

Thymoma can be largely diagnosed by using radiological techniques.

Diagnostic Study of Choice

Study of Choice

Staging

  • The thymic epithelial tumor staging system was initially proposed by Bergh and his colleagues in 1978, modified by Wilkins and Castleman in 1979, and further developed by Masaoka et al. in 1981.[2][3][4][5]
  • Modified Masaoka staging grouped with TNM classification is the most widely adopted system for thymic epithelial tumors currently in use.

Modified Masaoka Clinical Staging of Thymoma

Modified Masaoka Clinical Staging of Thymoma (1994)[6]
Stage Description
I
II
III
IV

TNM Classification of Thymic Epithelial Tumors

TNM Classification of Thymic Epithelial Tumors by Yamakawa and Masaoka (1991)[7]
T/N/M Stage Description
T T1
T2
T3
T4
N N0
N1
N2
N3
M M0
M1
Combined Masaoka Staging/TNM Classification (1994)[8]
Masaoka Stage T N M
Stage I T1 N0 M0
Stage II T2 N0 M0
Stage III T3 N0 M0
Stage IVa T4 N0 M0
Stage IVb Any T N1, N2, or N3 M0
Any T Any N M1

Previously Reported Staging System

Masaoka Staging (1981)[4]
Stage Description
I
  • Macroscopically completely encapsulated and microscopically no capsular invasion
II
III
IVa
IVb
Clinical Staging by Bergh (1978) and Wilkins (1979)[3][2]
Author Stage Description
Bergh et al. I
II
III
Wilkins et al. I
II
III

References

  1. Scagliori E, Evangelista L, Panunzio A, Calabrese F, Nannini N, Polverosi R; et al. (2015). "Conflicting or complementary role of computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT in the assessment of thymic cancer and thymoma: our experience and literature review". Thorac Cancer. 6 (4): 433–42. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12197. PMC 4511321. PMID 26273398.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Wilkins, EW.; Castleman, B. (1979). "Thymoma: a continuing survey at the Massachusetts General Hospital". Ann Thorac Surg. 28 (3): 252–6. PMID 485626. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. 3.0 3.1 Bergh, NP.; Gatzinsky, P.; Larsson, S.; Lundin, P.; Ridell, B. (1978). "Tumors of the thymus and thymic region: I. Clinicopathological studies on thymomas". Ann Thorac Surg. 25 (2): 91–8. PMID 626543. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. 4.0 4.1 Masaoka, A.; Monden, Y.; Nakahara, K.; Tanioka, T. (1981). "Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages". Cancer. 48 (11): 2485–92. PMID 7296496. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. Kondo, K. (2005). "Invited commentary". Ann Thorac Surg. 80 (6): 2000–1. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.08.053. PMID 16305832. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. Masaoka, A.; Yamakawa, Y.; Niwa, H.; Fukai, I.; Saito, Y.; Tokudome, S.; Nakahara, K.; Fujii, Y. (1994). "Thymectomy and malignancy". Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 8 (5): 251–3. PMID 8043287.
  7. Sinha Hikim AP, Hoffer AP (1987). "Quantitative analysis of germ cells and Leydig cells in rat made infertile with gossypol". Contraception. 35 (4): 395–408. PMID 3621939.
  8. Tsuchiya R, Koga K, Matsuno Y, Mukai K, Shimosato Y (1994). "Thymic carcinoma: proposal for pathological TNM and staging". Pathol Int. 44 (7): 505–12. PMID 7921194.