Sandbox:Amd

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]

Differential diagnosis

Abbreviations: COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

Causes of cyanosis Disease Cyanosis Clinical manifestations/association Diagnosis Comments Symptoms Signs Peripheral Central Dyspnea Fever Chest pain Clubbing Peripheral edema Auscultation Lab Findings Imaging Gold standard Respiratory Airway disorder Croup + + Epiglottitis + − − − − Foreign body aspiration + + − − − Airway trauma + + ± − − Disease Fever Lab Findings Imaging Comments Parenchymal disorder Pulmonary embolism − − − − ABGs D-dimer CXR V/Q scan Spiral CT pulmonary angiogram Dyspnea Tachycardia Pleuretic chest pain Pneumonia − − − − − ABGs Leukocytosis Pancytopenia CXR CT chest Bronchoscopy Shortness of breath Cough Asthma (Late) + − − − − Cystic fibrosis ± ± − − − COPD (Emphysema) ± + Empyema ± + − − − Thoracentesis Chest X-ray Pleural opacity Localization of effusion Physical examination Crackles Egophony Increased tactile fremitus Disease Fever Guarding Lab Findings Imaging Comments Chest wall disorders Flail chest − ± − − − Pneumothorax − ± − − − Hemothorax − + ± − − Cardiovascular Congenital heart diseases Disease Fever Lab Findings Imaging Comments Atrioventricular canal defect Ebstein anomaly Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Pulmonary atresia Pulmonic stenosis Tetralogy of Fallot Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage Transposition of the great vessels Truncus arteriosus + + Disease Fever Lab Findings Imaging Comments Heart failure + − + ± + Valvular heart disease + − − − − Myocardial infarction − − − − − Hematologic Methemoglobinemia Polycythemia Central Nervous system Fever Lab Findings Imaging Comments Coma Seizures Head trauma Breath holding spells Miscellaneous Shock Smoke inhalation + + + Toxic gases + + + + ± Cold exposure + − − − − Drugs† − − − − −