Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
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| Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (USA) | |
| ICD-10 | F90 |
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| ICD-9 | 314.00, 314.01 |
| OMIM | 143465 |
| DiseasesDB | 6158 |
| MedlinePlus | 001551 |
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Microchapters |
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Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S.,M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Laura Tommaso, M.D.
Synonyms and keywords: ADHD
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Epidemiology and Demographics
Treatment
Singularly, stimulant medication is the most efficient and cost effective method of treating ADHD. [1] [2] Over 200 controlled studies have shown that stimulant medication is an effective way to treat ADHD.[3][4] Methods of treatment usually involve some combination of medications, behaviour modifications, life style changes, and counseling. Behavioral parent training, behavior therapy aimed at parents to help them understand ADHD has also shown short term benefits.[5] Omega-3 fatty acids, zinc and magnesium may have benefits with regard to ADHD symptoms.[6][7]
Comorbid disorders or substance abuse can make finding the proper diagnosis and the right overall treatment more costly and time-consuming. Psychosocial therapy is useful in treating some comorbid conditions.[8]
Prognosis
The diagnosis of ADHD implies an impairment in life functioning. Many adverse life outcomes are associated with ADHD.
During the elementary years an ADHD student will have more difficulties with work completion, productivity, planning, remembering things needed for school, and meeting deadlines. Oppositional and socially aggressive behavior is seen in 40-70 percent of children at this age. Even ADHD kids with average to above average intelligence show "chronic and severe under achievement". Fully 46% of those with ADHD have been suspended and 11% expelled.[9] Thirty seven percent of those with ADHD do not get a high school diploma even though many of them will receive special education services.[3] The combined outcomes of the expulsion and dropout rates indicate that almost half of all ADHD students never finish highschool.[10] Only five percent of those with ADHD will get a college degree compared to twenty seven percent of the general population. (US Census, 2003)
See also
General
- Adult attention-deficit disorder
- Developmental disability
- Educational psychology
- Sluggish cognitive tempo
Controversy
Related disorders
References
- ↑ Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder http://www.aacap.org/galleries/PracticeParameters/JAACAP_ADHD_2007.pdf
- ↑ Jensen; et al. (2005). "Cost-Effectiveness of ADHD Treatments: Findings from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD". American Journal of Psychiatry. 162: 1628–1636 (Page:1633). doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1628. PMID 16135621. Free full text
- ↑ 3.0 3.1
- ↑ Barkley, Russell A. Treating Children and Adolescents with ADHD: An Overview of Empirically Based Treatments. ContinuingEdCourses.Net. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ↑ Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder http://www.aacap.org/galleries/PracticeParameters/JAACAP_ADHD_2007.pdf
- ↑ Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA (2005). "Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 15 (4): 619–27. doi:10.1089/cap.2005.15.619. PMID 16190793.
- ↑ Antalis CJ, Stevens LJ, Campbell M, Pazdro R, Ericson K, Burgess JR (2006). "Omega-3 fatty acid status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder". Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 75 (4–5): 299–308. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.004. PMID 16962757.
- ↑ Foster; et al. (2007). "Treatment of ADHD: Is More Complex Treatment Cost-Effective for More Complex Cases?". HSR: Health Services Research. 42 (1): 165–182 (Page:177). PMID 17355587.
- ↑ U.S. Department of Education "How Does ADHD Affect School Performance?", 2007
- ↑ Template:PDFlink
Further reading
- National Institute of Health
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001551.htm
- Hartmann,Thom "Attention Deficit Disorder, A Different Perception" subtitled "A Hunter in a Farmers World".
- Barkley, Russell A. Take Charge of ADHD: The Complete Authoritative Guide for Parents (2005) New York: Guilford Publications.
- Bellak L, Kay SR, Opler LA. (1987) "Attention deficit disorder psychosis as a diagnostic category". Psychiatric Developments, 5 (3), 239-63. PMID 3454965
- Conrad, Peter Identifying Hyperactive Children (Ashgate, 2006).
- Green, Christopher, Kit Chee, Understanding ADD; Doubleday 1994; ISBN 0-86824-587-9
- Hanna, Mohab. (2006) Making the Connection: A Parent's Guide to Medication in AD/HD, Washington D.C.: Ladner-Drysdale.
- Joseph, J. (2000). "Not in Their Genes: A Critical View of the Genetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder", Developmental Review 20, 539-567.
- Kelly, Kate, Peggy Ramundo. (1993) You Mean I'm Not Lazy, Stupid or Crazy?! A Self-Help Book for Adults with Attention deficit Disorder. ISBN 0-684-81531-1
- Matlen, Terry. (2005) "Survival Tips for Women with AD/HD". ISBN 1886941599
- Ninivaggi, F.J. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Rethinking Diagnosis and Treatment Implications for Complicated Cases", Connecticut Medicine. September 1999; Vol. 63, No. 9, 515-521. PMID 10531701
- Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) at the Center for Disease Control
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder at NIH
- National Institute of Mental Health on ADHD