Urinary retention: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Urinary retention''' also known as '''ischuria''' is a lack of ability to [[urinate]]. It is a common complication of [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|benign prostatic hypertrophy]] (also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH), although [[anticholinergic]]s may also play a role, and requires a [[catheter]]. Various medications (e.g. some [[antidepressant]]s) and recreational use of [[amphetamine]]s and opiates are notorious for this. | '''Urinary retention''' also known as '''ischuria''' is a lack of ability to [[urinate]]. It is a common complication of [[Benign prostatic hyperplasia|benign prostatic hypertrophy]] (also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH), although [[anticholinergic]]s may also play a role, and requires a [[catheter]]. Various medications (e.g. some [[antidepressant]]s) and recreational use of [[amphetamine]]s and opiates are notorious for this. | ||
== Causes== | == Causes== | ||
* [[Benign prostatic hypertrophy]] | * [[Benign prostatic hypertrophy]] | ||
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* Obstruction in the urethra, for example a metastasis or a precipitated pseudogout crystal in the urine | * Obstruction in the urethra, for example a metastasis or a precipitated pseudogout crystal in the urine | ||
* [[Paruresis]] ("shy bladder syndrome")- in extreme cases, urinary retention can result | * [[Paruresis]] ("shy bladder syndrome")- in extreme cases, urinary retention can result | ||
==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis== | |||
== | In the longer term, obstruction of the urinary tract may cause: | ||
Uroflowmetry may aid in establishing the type of micturition abnormality. A post-void residual scan may show the amount of urine retained. Determination of the serum [[prostate-specific antigen]] (PSA) may aid in diagnosing or ruling out prostate cancer. | * [[Bladder stone]]s | ||
* Loss of detrusor muscle tone (atonic bladder is an extreme form) | |||
* [[Hydronephrosis]] (congestion of the kidneys) | |||
* Hypertrophy of detrusor muscle | |||
* Diverticula in the bladder wall (leads to stones and infection) | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
===History and Symptoms=== | |||
Urinary retention is characterised by poor urinary stream with intermittance, straining, a sense of incomplete voiding and urgency. As the bladder remains full, it may lead to [[urinary incontinence|incontinence]], [[nocturia]] (need to urinate at night) and high frequency. Retention is a '''medical emergency''', as the bladder may distend (stretch) to enormous sizes and possibly tear if not dealt with quickly. If the bladder distends enough it will begin to become painful. The water can also pass back up the ureters and get into the kidneys, causing kidney failure. You should go straight to your emergency department as soon as possible if you are unable to urinate and you have a painfully full bladder. | |||
===Laboratory Findings=== | |||
[[Urea]] and [[creatinine]] determinations may be necessary to rule out backflow kidney damage. | |||
===Other Imaging Findings=== | |||
Uroflowmetry may aid in establishing the type of micturition abnormality. A post-void residual scan may show the amount of urine retained. Determination of the serum [[prostate-specific antigen]] (PSA) may aid in diagnosing or ruling out prostate cancer. | |||
==Treatment== | ==Treatment== | ||
One study describes five men who suffered acute urinary retention and who were all advised by their urologists that they must undergo surgery (transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP). Instead all five men were treated with catheter removal followed by repetitive prostatic massage, extensive microbial diagnosis, and antibiotics, as well as alpha-blockers, and in two cases finasteride. During treatment, statistically significant improvements occurred in global symptom severity scores, urethral white blood cell (WBC) counts, WBC counts of the expressed prostatic secretions (EPS), EPS red blood cell (RBC) counts, urinary WBC counts, and urinary RBC counts. The treatment enabled catheter removal in all 5 men (100%) as well as successful urination in all 5 men (100%). Surgery was able to be postponed indefinitely in all five men.<ref>Hennenfent BR, Lazarte AR, Feliciano AE. Repetitive prostatic massage and drug therapy as an alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate. MedGenMed. 2006 Oct 25;8(4):19. PMID: 17415302.</ref> | One study describes five men who suffered acute urinary retention and who were all advised by their urologists that they must undergo surgery (transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP). Instead all five men were treated with catheter removal followed by repetitive prostatic massage, extensive microbial diagnosis, and antibiotics, as well as alpha-blockers, and in two cases finasteride. During treatment, statistically significant improvements occurred in global symptom severity scores, urethral white blood cell (WBC) counts, WBC counts of the expressed prostatic secretions (EPS), EPS red blood cell (RBC) counts, urinary WBC counts, and urinary RBC counts. The treatment enabled catheter removal in all 5 men (100%) as well as successful urination in all 5 men (100%). Surgery was able to be postponed indefinitely in all five men.<ref>Hennenfent BR, Lazarte AR, Feliciano AE. Repetitive prostatic massage and drug therapy as an alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate. MedGenMed. 2006 Oct 25;8(4):19. PMID: 17415302.</ref> | ||
In ''acute'' urinary retention, [[urinary catheterization]] or [[suprapubic cystostomy]] instantly relieves the retention. In the longer term, treatment depends on the cause. Benign prostatic hypertrophy may respond to [[alpha blocker]] and [[5-alpha-reductase inhibitor]] therapy, or surgically with [[prostatectomy]] or [[transurethral resection of the prostate]] (TURP). | In ''acute'' urinary retention, [[urinary catheterization]] or [[suprapubic cystostomy]] instantly relieves the retention. In the longer term, treatment depends on the cause. Benign prostatic hypertrophy may respond to [[alpha blocker]] and [[5-alpha-reductase inhibitor]] therapy, or surgically with [[prostatectomy]] or [[transurethral resection of the prostate]] (TURP). | ||
== | ==Related Chapters== | ||
* [[Constipation]], inability to defecate | * [[Constipation]], inability to defecate | ||
* [[Urinary incontinence]], inability to ''hold'' the urine | * [[Urinary incontinence]], inability to ''hold'' the urine | ||
== References == | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
{{Symptoms and signs}} | {{Symptoms and signs}} | ||
[[ar:انحصار البول]] | [[ar:انحصار البول]] | ||
Revision as of 20:40, 5 February 2013
Template:Search infobox Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.
Overview
Urinary retention also known as ischuria is a lack of ability to urinate. It is a common complication of benign prostatic hypertrophy (also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH), although anticholinergics may also play a role, and requires a catheter. Various medications (e.g. some antidepressants) and recreational use of amphetamines and opiates are notorious for this.
Causes
- Benign prostatic hypertrophy
- Prostate cancer and other pelvic malignancies
- Congenital urtheral valve abnormalities
- Detrusor muscle dyssynergia
- Circumcision
- Damage to the bladder
- Obstruction in the urethra, for example a metastasis or a precipitated pseudogout crystal in the urine
- Paruresis ("shy bladder syndrome")- in extreme cases, urinary retention can result
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
In the longer term, obstruction of the urinary tract may cause:
- Bladder stones
- Loss of detrusor muscle tone (atonic bladder is an extreme form)
- Hydronephrosis (congestion of the kidneys)
- Hypertrophy of detrusor muscle
- Diverticula in the bladder wall (leads to stones and infection)
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
Urinary retention is characterised by poor urinary stream with intermittance, straining, a sense of incomplete voiding and urgency. As the bladder remains full, it may lead to incontinence, nocturia (need to urinate at night) and high frequency. Retention is a medical emergency, as the bladder may distend (stretch) to enormous sizes and possibly tear if not dealt with quickly. If the bladder distends enough it will begin to become painful. The water can also pass back up the ureters and get into the kidneys, causing kidney failure. You should go straight to your emergency department as soon as possible if you are unable to urinate and you have a painfully full bladder.
Laboratory Findings
Urea and creatinine determinations may be necessary to rule out backflow kidney damage.
Other Imaging Findings
Uroflowmetry may aid in establishing the type of micturition abnormality. A post-void residual scan may show the amount of urine retained. Determination of the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may aid in diagnosing or ruling out prostate cancer.
Treatment
One study describes five men who suffered acute urinary retention and who were all advised by their urologists that they must undergo surgery (transurethral resection of the prostate, TURP). Instead all five men were treated with catheter removal followed by repetitive prostatic massage, extensive microbial diagnosis, and antibiotics, as well as alpha-blockers, and in two cases finasteride. During treatment, statistically significant improvements occurred in global symptom severity scores, urethral white blood cell (WBC) counts, WBC counts of the expressed prostatic secretions (EPS), EPS red blood cell (RBC) counts, urinary WBC counts, and urinary RBC counts. The treatment enabled catheter removal in all 5 men (100%) as well as successful urination in all 5 men (100%). Surgery was able to be postponed indefinitely in all five men.[1]
In acute urinary retention, urinary catheterization or suprapubic cystostomy instantly relieves the retention. In the longer term, treatment depends on the cause. Benign prostatic hypertrophy may respond to alpha blocker and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy, or surgically with prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
Related Chapters
- Constipation, inability to defecate
- Urinary incontinence, inability to hold the urine
References
- ↑ Hennenfent BR, Lazarte AR, Feliciano AE. Repetitive prostatic massage and drug therapy as an alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate. MedGenMed. 2006 Oct 25;8(4):19. PMID: 17415302.
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