|
|
| Line 24: |
Line 24: |
|
| |
|
| ==Causes== | | ==Causes== |
|
| |
| ==Treatment of the Patient with Dyspnea==
| |
|
| |
| ===Oxygen Supply===
| |
|
| |
| [[Oxygen]] supply is the essential part of acute dyspnea management.
| |
|
| |
| ===Exercise Training===
| |
|
| |
| Controlled studies have shown that dyspnea upon exertion decreases and exercise tolerance improves in response to exercise training, even in patients with advanced disease. It is now well established that for patients with [[COPD]] who remain breathless despite optimal drug therapy, exercise training can confer significant symptomatic benefits.
| |
|
| |
| ===Pharmacologic Therapy ===
| |
|
| |
| Two types of medications have proven useful in alleviating dyspnea: [[opiate]]s and drugs that reduce [[anxiety]]. A number of studies have shown that opiates acutely relieve dyspnea and improve exercise performance in patients with [[COPD]].
| |
|
| |
| The drugs to reduce anxiety have the potential to relieve ventilatory response related to the available amounts of oxygen in the blood, as well as by lowering the emotional response to dyspnea.
| |
|
| |
| ===Fans===
| |
|
| |
| The movement of cool air with a fan has been observed to reduce dyspnea in pulmonary patients. A decrease in the temperature of the facial skin alters feedback to the brain and modifies the perception of dyspnea. Cool air has been shown in normal volunteers to reduce dyspnea in response to excess [[carbon dioxide]] in the blood.
| |
|
| |
| === Altered Breathing Patterns ===
| |
|
| |
| Breathing retraining including diaphragmatic breathing and pursed lip breathing has been advocated to relieve dyspnea in [[COPD]] patients. During a breathing retraining period, many patients adopt slower, deeper breathing techniques; however, they often resort to spontaneous, fast, shallow breathing patterns when the training ends.
| |
|
| |
| ===Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) ===
| |
|
| |
| In various studies, [[CPAP]] has been shown to relieve dyspnea during [[asthma]] attacks, when patients are being weaned from ventilators, and during exercise sessions for patients with advanced [[COPD]].
| |
|
| |
| ===Nutrition===
| |
| Several investigators have shown improvement in respiratory muscle function in response to short-term use of nutritional repletion by an intravenous route.
| |
|
| |
| === Positioning ===
| |
|
| |
| Patients with [[COPD]] often change body position to improve dyspnea. They tend to lean forward to improve overall respiratory muscle strength and to reduce their symptoms.
| |
|
| |
| ===Steroids ===
| |
|
| |
| [[Steroid]] use can be beneficial to pulmonary patients by reducing airway inflammation and by increasing [[vital capacity]] in chronic lung inflammation. However, [[steroid]]s have adverse effects, including muscle wasting and [[weakness]]. These potential problems need to be balanced against possible gains in lung function associated with this drug.
| |
|
| |
| Cognitive-behavioral Approaches In patients with different pain syndromes, distraction, relaxation, and education about symptoms have modified the intensity of pain, increased tolerance, and decreased distress. Improvements in dyspnea and anxiety have been shown to follow distractions such as music during exercise, although long-term effects have been minimal. However, exercise in a monitored, supportive environment has been shown to be a powerful method of overcoming apprehension, anxiety, and/or fear associated with exertional dyspnea.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==See also== | | ==See also== |