Chest pain in children: Difference between revisions
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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
The most common causes of [[chest pain]] in children include musculoskeletal, respiratory, and idiopathic. | |||
A comprehensive list of causes of chest pain in children is presented in the table below: | |||
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*Trauma | *[[Trauma]] | ||
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*[[Cough]] | *Severe and/or chronic [[Cough]] | ||
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*[[Hyperventilation]] | *[[Hyperventilation]] | ||
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*[[Myocardial ischemia]] | *[[Myocardial ischemia]]: | ||
**Anomalous coronary arteries | **Anomalous coronary arteries | ||
**[[Aortic stenosis]] | **[[Aortic stenosis]] | ||
Revision as of 15:13, 11 March 2021
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Synonyms and keywords: Chest pain in kids
Overview
Chest pain is a common symptom in children and adolescents. Despite causing considerable concerns and anxiety in patients and their families, most cases have benign and non-cardiac etiologies. A throughout history and physical examination can reveal diagnoses in the majority of patients, necessitating laboratory testing and imaging studies in a small subset of patients.
Historical Perspective
Classification
There is no established system for the classification of chest pain in the pediatric population.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of chest pain in children depends on the underlying cause.
Causes
The most common causes of chest pain in children include musculoskeletal, respiratory, and idiopathic. A comprehensive list of causes of chest pain in children is presented in the table below:
| Causes of pediatric chest pain |
| Musculoskeletal |
|
| Respiratory |
|
|
|
| Psychogenic |
| Gastrointestinal |
| Cardiac |
|
| Miscellaneous |
|
| Idiopathic |
Epidemiology and Demographics
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X-ray
Echocardiography or Ultrasound
CT scan
MRI
Other Diagnostic Studies
Holter monitoring to diagnose arrhythmia as a cause of intermittent chest pain.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
The management depends on the clinical status and stability of the patient, patients with severe respiratory distress, hemodynamic instability require rapid care of the (ABC) airway, breathing, and circulation according to the Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).
The medical management of stable patients differs according to the cause:
- Costochondritis and ms strain can be treated with NSAIDs and muscle relaxants.
- Infections like pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics, supplemental oxygen, and mechanical ventilation as needed
- Gastritis and esophagitis can be treated with H2 blockers and PPIs.
- Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease managed with pain control, antibiotics, hydration and blood transfusion, or exchange transfusion.
- Pulmonary embolism requires anticoagulant therapy or, thrombolytics in hemodynamically unstable children.
- Ischemia and myocardial infarction should receive anticoagulation, pain management, and catheterization.
- Heart failure should be managed with diuretics, ACEIs, and beta-blocker if no contrindication.
- Tachyarrhythmias should be managed according to Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS).
- Pericarditis with pericardial effusion requires pericardiocentesis in patients with tamponade.
- Tumors require further workup and the management differs according to the type of the tumor.
Surgery
- Aortic root dissection managed with requires emergent surgical intervention.
- Tension pneumothorax requires a needle or chest tube thoracostomy.
- Airway foreign body with obstruction requires emergent securing of the airway and bronchoscopy.
- Esophageal foreign body: management depends on the type of body. sharp foreign bodies, impacted batteries, or magnets require urgent removal.
References
- Yeh TK, Yeh J.Chest Pain in Pediatrics. Pediatr Ann. 2015; 44:274.
- Ji Hye Chun, et al.Analysis of clinical characteristics and causes of chest pain in children and adolescents. Korean J Pediatr. 2015; 58: 440.
- Friedman KG, Alexander ME. Chest pain and syncope in children: a practical approach to the diagnosis of cardiac disease. J Pediatr. 2013; 163:896.
- Selbst SM. Approach to the child with chest pain. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2010; 57:1221