Sore throat resident survival guide: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 66: Line 66:
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01= Yes| B02= No}}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01= Yes| B02= No}}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |C02| |C01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left;"> Stabilize ABC and refer patient urgently to emergency or inpatient care unit.<br>Consider the following differential diagnosis: <br>* [[Acute laryngitis]]<br>* [[Acute epiglotitis]]|C02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left;"> Are clinical signs for viral upper respiratory infection (including [[conjunctivitis]], [[coryza]], [[cough]], [[exanthem|viral exanthem]] and voice hoarseness) present?}}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |C02| |C01= <div style="float: left; text-align: left;"> Stabilize ABC and refer patient urgently to emergency or inpatient care unit.<br>Consider the following differential diagnosis: <br>* [[Croup]]<br>* [[Acute epiglotitis]]|C02= <div style="float: left; text-align: left;"> Are clinical signs for viral upper respiratory infection (including [[conjunctivitis]], [[coryza]], [[cough]], [[exanthem|viral exanthem]] and voice hoarseness) present?}}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|.| | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|.| | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | D01 | | D02|D01= Yes| D02= No }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | D01 | | D02|D01= Yes| D02= No }}

Revision as of 20:37, 7 September 2020

Sore throat Resident Survival Guide Microchapters
Overview
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Do's
Don'ts


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mydah Sajid, MD[2]

Synonyms and keywords: An approach to sore throat in adults, Sore throat approach in adults, Approach to pharyngitis in adults, Pharyngitis in adults

Overview

Sore throat, also called as pharyngitis, is a painful sensation in the back part of the throat due to inflammation of the pharynx. It is one of the most common complaints among patients visiting their primary care physicians. In the United States, approximately 12 million ambulatory care visits are due to sore throat annually. It mostly occurs in children and adolescents. The most common etiology is acute self- limiting viral infection. Group A streptococcal infection is the most common causative bacteria for acute pharyngitis in adults. As a physician, it is important to identify clinical signs for life-threatening airway obstruction and deep tissue infection and treat them promptly. This section provides a short and straight to the point overview of the sore throat in adults.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

  • Does not include any known cause.

Common Causes

Diagnosis

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of sore throat in adults[10][11][12]:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Are there alarming clinical signs for upper airway obstruction or deep neck infection present?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stabilize ABC and refer patient urgently to emergency or inpatient care unit.
Consider the following differential diagnosis:
* Croup
* Acute epiglotitis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Are clinical signs for viral upper respiratory infection (including conjunctivitis, coryza, cough, viral exanthem and voice hoarseness) present?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Manage patient with supportive care.
 
Does patient have clinical features of GAS throat infection?
  • Fever (temperature ≥100.4 degrees F)
  • Acute onset of sore throat
  • Inflammation and edema of tonsillopharyngeal and uvular mucosa
  • Tonsillar and peritonsillar yellow or white exudates
  • Painful cervical lymphadenopathy
  • Scarlatiniform rash
  • History of GAS exposure
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
 
 
Uncertain
 
 
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Apply Centor criteria for patient's clinical signs and symptoms. Is score ≥3?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Perform Rapid antigen detection test (RADT)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consider other viral, bacterial or noninfectious causes of sore throat. The illness is mostly self-limiting and specific tests for diagnosis are not carried out.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Positive
 
 
 
 
Negative
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GAS pharyngitis confirmed - start antibiotics
 
 
 
 
Perform throat culture in patients with any of the following risk factors:
  • Patient with weak immune system or history of complications of GAS infection i.e. acute rheumatic fever.
  • Patients in close contact with individuals who have a high risk of complications (i.e. infants and immunocompromised elderly population)
  • Young adults living in close proximity (i.e. college dormitories)
  • Patients residing in endemic areas of acute rheumatic fever
  • Patient with negative RADT but with Centor criteria scores ≥3
 
 

Treatment

Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of sore throat in adults according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines[5][13]:

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Does patient have strong clinical suspicion for viral URTI?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Is patient having clinical picture suggestive of GAS pharyngitis along with positive RADT?
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Manage patient with supportive care including analgesics, hot fluids, lozenges, and soft diet.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yes
 
No
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Treat patients with empirical antibiotic course for 10 days
 
Provide supportive care to the patients.
  • If the patients have risk factors suggestive of other causes (i.e. acute HIV infection, gonorrhea, or non-infectious causes), perform relevant investigations.
  •  
     
     
     
     
     

    Do's

    Don'ts

    References

    1. 1.0 1.1 Huovinen P, Lahtonen R, Ziegler T, Meurman O, Hakkarainen K, Miettinen A; et al. (1989). "Pharyngitis in adults: the presence and coexistence of viruses and bacterial organisms". Ann Intern Med. 110 (8): 612–6. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-110-8-612. PMID 2494921.
    2. Bisno AL (2001). "Acute pharyngitis". N Engl J Med. 344 (3): 205–11. doi:10.1056/NEJM200101183440308. PMID 11172144.
    3. Arons MM, Hatfield KM, Reddy SC, Kimball A, James A, Jacobs JR; et al. (2020). "Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility". N Engl J Med. 382 (22): 2081–2090. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2008457. PMC 7200056 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 32329971 Check |pmid= value (help).
    4. Llor C, Madurell J, Balagué-Corbella M, Gómez M, Cots JM (2011). "Impact on antibiotic prescription of rapid antigen detection testing in acute pharyngitis in adults: a randomised clinical trial". Br J Gen Pract. 61 (586): e244–51. doi:10.3399/bjgp11X572436. PMC 3080229. PMID 21619748.
    5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G; et al. (2012). "Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clin Infect Dis. 55 (10): 1279–82. doi:10.1093/cid/cis847. PMID 23091044.
    6. Centor RM, Atkinson TP, Ratliff AE, Xiao L, Crabb DM, Estrada CA; et al. (2015). "The clinical presentation of Fusobacterium-positive and streptococcal-positive pharyngitis in a university health clinic: a cross-sectional study". Ann Intern Med. 162 (4): 241–7. doi:10.7326/M14-1305. PMID 25686164.
    7. Tindall B, Barker S, Donovan B, Barnes T, Roberts J, Kronenberg C; et al. (1988). "Characterization of the acute clinical illness associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection". Arch Intern Med. 148 (4): 945–9. PMID 3258508.
    8. McMillan JA, Weiner LB, Higgins AM, Lamparella VJ (1993). "Pharyngitis associated with herpes simplex virus in college students". Pediatr Infect Dis J. 12 (4): 280–4. doi:10.1097/00006454-199304000-00004. PMID 8387178.
    9. 9.0 9.1 Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A (2012). "Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat)". Inflamm Res. 61 (10): 1041–52. doi:10.1007/s00011-012-0540-9. PMC 3439613. PMID 22890476.
    10. Snow V, Mottur-Pilson C, Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, American Academy of Family Physicians. American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine; et al. (2001). "Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults". Ann Intern Med. 134 (6): 506–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-6-200103200-00018. PMID 11255529.
    11. Fine AM, Nizet V, Mandl KD (2012). "Large-scale validation of the Centor and McIsaac scores to predict group A streptococcal pharyngitis". Arch Intern Med. 172 (11): 847–52. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.950. PMC 3627733. PMID 22566485.
    12. Webb KH, Needham CA, Kurtz SR (2000). "Use of a high-sensitivity rapid strep test without culture confirmation of negative results: 2 years' experience". J Fam Pract. 49 (1): 34–8. PMID 10678338. Review in: J Fam Pract. 2000 Jul;49(7):660
    13. Harris AM, Hicks LA, Qaseem A, High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians and for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). "Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Adults: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention". Ann Intern Med. 164 (6): 425–34. doi:10.7326/M15-1840. PMID 26785402.
    14. Little P, Gould C, Williamson I, Warner G, Gantley M, Kinmonth AL (1997). "Reattendance and complications in a randomized trial of prescribing strategies for sore throat: the medicalizing effect of prescribing antibiotics". BMJ. 315 (7104): 350–2. doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7104.350. PMC 2127265. PMID 9270458.
    15. BRINK WR, RAMMELKAMP CH, DENNY FW, WANNAMAKER LW (1951). "Effect in penicillin and aureomycin on the natural course of streptococcal tonsillitis and pharyngitis". Am J Med. 10 (3): 300–8. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(51)90274-4. PMID 14819035.
    16. Lala I, Leech P, Montgomery L, Bhagat K (2000). "Use of a simple pain model to evaluate analgesic activity of ibuprofen versus paracetamol". East Afr Med J. 77 (9): 504–7. doi:10.4314/eamj.v77i9.46696. PMID 12862143.