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{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C03 |C02=Central cyanosis|C03=Peripheral cyanosis}}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C03 |C02=Central cyanosis|C03=Peripheral cyanosis}}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | |,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | |,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | G01 | | | G02 | | | G03 | | G04 | | G05 | | G06 | | G07 | | | | D02 |G01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Metabolic disorders:'''<br>
{{familytree | | | | | | |!| | G01 | | | G02 | | | G03 | | G04 | | G05 | | G06 | | G07 | | | | D02 |G01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Hematologic abnormalities:''' <ref name="pmid29439874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M |title=Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year |journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=February 2018 |pmid=29439874 |doi=10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009 |url=}}</ref><br>
❑ [[Methemoglobinemia]] (congenital or acquired)<br>
❑ [[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] (acquired)<br>
❑ Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity:<br>
:❑ Hb Kansas<br>
:❑ Hb Beth israel<br>
:❑ Hb Saint Mande<br>
:❑ Hb Bruxells<br>
❑ [[Polycythemia vera]]<br>
❑ [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]<br>'''Metabolic disorders:'''<br>
❑ Severe [[hypoglycemia]]<br>
❑ Severe [[hypoglycemia]]<br>
❑ [[Inborn error of metabolism|Inborn errors of metabolism]]<br>'''Miscellaneous''': <br>
❑ [[Inborn error of metabolism|Inborn errors of metabolism]]<br>'''Miscellaneous''': <br>

Revision as of 00:19, 5 August 2020

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Central cyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Peripheral cyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hematologic abnormalities: [1]

Methemoglobinemia (congenital or acquired)
Sulfhemoglobinemia (acquired)
❑ Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity:

❑ Hb Kansas
❑ Hb Beth israel
❑ Hb Saint Mande
❑ Hb Bruxells

Polycythemia vera
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Metabolic disorders:
❑ Severe hypoglycemia
Inborn errors of metabolism
Miscellaneous:
Drugs and chemicals: [2][3]

Beta blockers
Nitrite or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, nitroglycerin)
Dapsone
Sulfonamides
Benzocaine
Chloroquine
Heroin

❑ Venomous snakebites [4] ❑ Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) [5]
High altitude [6]
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Cirrhosis of liver
Drowning
❑ Chocking
❑ Hanging

Hypothermia
 
 
Hypoventilation::
Upper airway obstruction: [7][8]

Foreign body aspiration
Pertussis / Croup
Epiglottitis
Bacterial tracheitis
❑ Traumatic disruption (thermal injury, fractures)
Acute chest syndrome [9] ❑ Congenital airway abnormalities:

Choanal atresia
Laryngotracheomalacia
Macroglossia
Micrognathia or retrognathia (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome)

Neurologic abnormalities:[10][11][12]
CNS depression
Birth asphyxia
❑ Severe head trauma
Apnea of prematurity
Obstructive sleep apnea
❑ Infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis)
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Seizures
❑ Cyanotic breath holding spells[13]Coma
Neuromuscular disorders:
Myasthenia gravis
❑ Injury to the phrenic nerve

❑ Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)
 
 
 
 
{{{ G05 }}}
 
{{{ G06 }}}
 
{{{ G07 }}}
 
 
 
Causes: [14][15]

Cold exposure
Acrocyanosis
Erythrocyanosis
Raynaud's phenomenon
Raynaud's disease
❑ Arterial obstruction:

Peripheral vascular disease
Buergers disease

❑ Venous obstruction:

Thromboembolism
Deep vein thrombosis
Superior vena cava syndrome

❑ Decreased cardiac output:

Left sided heart failure
Shock
Hypovolemia
❑ Redistribution of blood flow from extremities
 
 
 
 
 
Pseudocyanosis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Metals
 
 
 
 
Extensive tattoos
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Drugs
 
 
 
 
Pigmentary lesions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Consumption of dyed food
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M (February 2018). "Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year". Med Clin (Barc). doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009. PMID 29439874.
  2. Günal E, Akkuş Y, Çığşar G, Çiftçi H, Kahramanca Ş, Özdemir M (October 2017). "Methemoglobinemia incidence after the application of lidocaine for small surgical procedures". Agri. 29 (4): 173–176. PMID 29171648.
  3. Hilbert P, Zur Nieden K (September 2004). "[Suicidal fatal beta-blocker intoxication]". Anaesthesist (in German). 53 (9): 826–9. doi:10.1007/s00101-004-0721-1. PMID 15249969.
  4. Hifumi T, Sakai A, Kondo Y, Yamamoto A, Morine N, Ato M, Shibayama K, Umezawa K, Kiriu N, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Kawakita K, Kuroda Y (2015). "Venomous snake bites: clinical diagnosis and treatment". J Intensive Care. 3 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s40560-015-0081-8. PMC 4393627. PMID 25866646.
  5. Kondamudi NP, Virji M. PMID 28722926. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. Jensen JD, Vincent AL. PMID 28613569. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. Gossman WG, Burns B. PMID 29261942. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS (November 2003). "Acute dyspnea in the office". Am Fam Physician. 68 (9): 1803–10. PMID 14620600.
  9. Jain S, Bakshi N, Krishnamurti L (December 2017). "Acute Chest Syndrome in Children with Sickle Cell Disease". Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol. 30 (4): 191–201. doi:10.1089/ped.2017.0814. PMC 5733742. PMID 29279787.
  10. Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC. PMID 28722923. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. Kondamudi NP, Wilt AS. PMID 28722998. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. Memon J, Manganaro SN. PMID 28722938. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. Bergeron M, Cohen AP, Cotton RT (2017). "The Management of Cyanotic Spells in Children with Oesophageal Atresia". Front Pediatr. 5: 106. doi:10.3389/fped.2017.00106. PMC 5430373. PMID 28555179.
  14. Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH (2016). "Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms". Front Pharmacol. 7: 438. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00438. PMC 5110514. PMID 27899893.
  15. Das S, Maiti A (November 2013). "Acrocyanosis: an overview". Indian J Dermatol. 58 (6): 417–20. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.119946. PMC 3827510. PMID 24249890.