Hepatopulmonary syndrome historical perspective: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 3: Line 3:
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Soroush}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Soroush}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
*My refernces
<ref name="pmid18509123">Rodríguez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ (2008) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18509123 Hepatopulmonary syndrome--a liver-induced lung vascular disorder.] ''N Engl J Med'' 358 (22):2378-87. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0707185 DOI:10.1056/NEJMra0707185] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/18509123 18509123]</ref>
<ref name="pmid11003635">Fallon MB, Abrams GA (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11003635 Pulmonary dysfunction in chronic liver disease.] ''Hepatology'' 32 (4 Pt 1):859-65. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2000.7519 DOI:10.1053/jhep.2000.7519] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11003635 11003635]</ref>
<ref name="pmid14762853">Krowka MJ, Mandell MS, Ramsay MA, Kawut SM, Fallon MB, Manzarbeitia C et al. (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14762853 Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension: a report of the multicenter liver transplant database.] ''Liver Transpl'' 10 (2):174-82. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.20016 DOI:10.1002/lt.20016] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/14762853 14762853]</ref>
<ref name="pmid891282">Kennedy TC, Knudson RJ (1977) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=891282 Exercise-aggravated hypoxemia and orthodeoxia in cirrhosis.] ''Chest'' 72 (3):305-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.72.3.305 DOI:10.1378/chest.72.3.305] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/891282 891282]</ref>
<ref name="pmid27326810">Krowka MJ, Fallon MB, Kawut SM, Fuhrmann V, Heimbach JK, Ramsay MA et al. (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27326810 International Liver Transplant Society Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome and Portopulmonary Hypertension.] ''Transplantation'' 100 (7):1440-52. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000001229 DOI:10.1097/TP.0000000000001229] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/27326810 27326810]</ref>
<ref name="pmid8101797">Krowka MJ, Dickson ER, Cortese DA (1993) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8101797 Hepatopulmonary syndrome. Clinical observations and lack of therapeutic response to somatostatin analogue.] ''Chest'' 104 (2):515-21. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.104.2.515 DOI:10.1378/chest.104.2.515] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8101797 8101797]</ref>
<ref name="pmid15828054">Swanson KL, Wiesner RH, Krowka MJ (2005) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15828054 Natural history of hepatopulmonary syndrome: Impact of liver transplantation.] ''Hepatology'' 41 (5):1122-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.20658 DOI:10.1002/hep.20658] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15828054 15828054]</ref>
<ref name="pmid1465744">Rodríguez-Roisin R, Agustí AG, Roca J (1992) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1465744 The hepatopulmonary syndrome: new name, old complexities.] ''Thorax'' 47 (11):897-902. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.47.11.897 DOI:10.1136/thx.47.11.897] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/1465744 1465744]</ref>
<ref name="pmid8620957">Cremona G, Higenbottam TW, Mayoral V, Alexander G, Demoncheaux E, Borland C et al. (1995) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8620957 Elevated exhaled nitric oxide in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Eur Respir J'' 8 (11):1883-5. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8620957 8620957]</ref>
<ref name="pmid9328302">Rolla G, Brussino L, Colagrande P, Dutto L, Polizzi S, Scappaticci E et al. (1997) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9328302 Exhaled nitric oxide and oxygenation abnormalities in hepatic cirrhosis.] ''Hepatology'' 26 (4):842-7. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhep.1997.v26.pm0009328302 DOI:10.1053/jhep.1997.v26.pm0009328302] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/9328302 9328302]</ref>
<ref name="pmid11549549">Nunes H, Lebrec D, Mazmanian M, Capron F, Heller J, Tazi KA et al. (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11549549 Role of nitric oxide in hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhotic rats.] ''Am J Respir Crit Care Med'' 164 (5):879-85. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2009008 DOI:10.1164/ajrccm.164.5.2009008] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11549549 11549549]</ref>
<ref name="pmid9824266">Luo B, Abrams GA, Fallon MB (1998) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9824266 Endothelin-1 in the rat bile duct ligation model of hepatopulmonary syndrome: correlation with pulmonary dysfunction.] ''J Hepatol'' 29 (4):571-8. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/9824266 9824266]</ref>
<ref name="pmid24731444">Zhang J, Yang W, Hu B, Wu W, Fallon MB (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24731444 Endothelin-1 activation of the endothelin B receptor modulates pulmonary endothelial CX3CL1 and contributes to pulmonary angiogenesis in experimental hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Am J Pathol'' 184 (6):1706-14. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.027 DOI:10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.027] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24731444 24731444]</ref>
<ref name="pmid16628648">Gómez FP, Barberà JA, Roca J, Burgos F, Gistau C, Rodríguez-Roisin R (2006) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16628648 Effects of nebulized N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Hepatology'' 43 (5):1084-91. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.21141 DOI:10.1002/hep.21141] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/16628648 16628648]</ref>
<ref name="pmid12427789">Schenk P, Fuhrmann V, Madl C, Funk G, Lehr S, Kandel O et al. (2002) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12427789 Hepatopulmonary syndrome: prevalence and predictive value of various cut offs for arterial oxygenation and their clinical consequences.] ''Gut'' 51 (6):853-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.51.6.853 DOI:10.1136/gut.51.6.853] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/12427789 12427789]</ref>
<ref name="pmid7557096">Abrams GA, Jaffe CC, Hoffer PB, Binder HJ, Fallon MB (1995) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7557096 Diagnostic utility of contrast echocardiography and lung perfusion scan in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Gastroenterology'' 109 (4):1283-8. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/7557096 7557096]</ref>
<ref name="pmid14708947">Lima BL, França AV, Pazin-Filho A, Araújo WM, Martinez JA, Maciel BC et al. (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14708947 Frequency, clinical characteristics, and respiratory parameters of hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Mayo Clin Proc'' 79 (1):42-8. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/79.1.42 DOI:10.4065/79.1.42] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/14708947 14708947]</ref>
<ref name="pmid11434610">Martínez GP, Barberà JA, Visa J, Rimola A, Paré JC, Roca J et al. (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11434610 Hepatopulmonary syndrome in candidates for liver transplantation.] ''J Hepatol'' 34 (5):651-7. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11434610 11434610]</ref>
<ref name="pmid14517788">Schenk P, Schöniger-Hekele M, Fuhrmann V, Madl C, Silberhumer G, Müller C (2003) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14517788 Prognostic significance of the hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with cirrhosis.] ''Gastroenterology'' 125 (4):1042-52. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/14517788 14517788]</ref>
<ref name="pmid1642191">Hopkins WE, Waggoner AD, Barzilai B (1992) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1642191 Frequency and significance of intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting in end-stage hepatic disease.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 70 (4):516-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(92)91200-n DOI:10.1016/0002-9149(92)91200-n] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/1642191 1642191]</ref>
<ref name="pmid17392034">Arguedas MR, Singh H, Faulk DK, Fallon MB (2007) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17392034 Utility of pulse oximetry screening for hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol'' 5 (6):749-54. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2006.12.003 DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2006.12.003] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/17392034 17392034]</ref>
<ref name="pmid15516683">Rodríguez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ, Hervé P, Fallon MB, ERS Task Force Pulmonary-Hepatic Vascular Disorders (PHD) Scientific Committee (2004) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15516683 Pulmonary-Hepatic vascular Disorders (PHD).] ''Eur Respir J'' 24 (5):861-80. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00010904 DOI:10.1183/09031936.04.00010904] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/15516683 15516683]</ref>
<ref name="pmid8665789">Castro M, Krowka MJ (1996) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8665789 Hepatopulmonary syndrome. A pulmonary vascular complication of liver disease.] ''Clin Chest Med'' 17 (1):35-48. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/8665789 8665789]</ref>
<ref name="pmid25954542">Hurtado-Cordovi JM, Lipka S, Singh J, Shahzad G, Mustacchia P (2011) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25954542 Diagnostic challenge of hepatopulmonary syndrome in a patient with coexisting structural heart disease.] ''Case Reports Hepatol'' 2011 ():386709. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/386709 DOI:10.1155/2011/386709] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25954542 25954542]</ref>
<ref name="pmid9453490">Abrams GA, Nanda NC, Dubovsky EV, Krowka MJ, Fallon MB (1998) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9453490 Use of macroaggregated albumin lung perfusion scan to diagnose hepatopulmonary syndrome: a new approach.] ''Gastroenterology'' 114 (2):305-10. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/9453490 9453490]</ref>
<ref name="pmid27384058">Chen YA, Prabhudesai V, Castel H, Gupta S (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27384058 CT Scan Does Not Differentiate Patients with Hepatopulmonary Syndrome from Other Patients with Liver Disease.] ''PLoS One'' 11 (7):e0158637. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158637 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158637] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/27384058 27384058]</ref>
<ref name="pmid24142412">Nayyar D, Man HS, Granton J, Gupta S (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24142412 Defining and characterizing severe hypoxemia after liver transplantation in hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Liver Transpl'' 20 (2):182-90. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.23776 DOI:10.1002/lt.23776] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24142412 24142412]</ref>
<ref name="pmid25649047">Nayyar D, Man HS, Granton J, Lilly LB, Gupta S (2015) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25649047 Proposed management algorithm for severe hypoxemia after liver transplantation in the hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Am J Transplant'' 15 (4):903-13. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13177 DOI:10.1111/ajt.13177] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/25649047 25649047]</ref>
<ref name="pmid24757662">Park TJ, Ahn KS, Kim YH, Kim H, Park UJ, Kim HT et al. (2014) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24757662 Improved severe hepatopulmonary syndrome after liver transplantation in an adolescent with end-stage liver disease secondary to biliary atresia.] ''Clin Mol Hepatol'' 20 (1):76-80. [http://dx.doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2014.20.1.76 DOI:10.3350/cmh.2014.20.1.76] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24757662 24757662]</ref>
<ref name="pmid10096527">Egawa H, Kasahara M, Inomata Y, Uemoto S, Asonuma K, Fujita S et al. (1999) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10096527 Long-term outcome of living related liver transplantation for patients with intrapulmonary shunting and strategy for complications.] ''Transplantation'' 67 (5):712-7. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10096527 10096527]</ref>
<ref name="pmid20816858">Gupta S, Faughnan ME, Lilly L, Hutchison S, Fowler R, Bayoumi AM (2010) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20816858 Norfloxacin therapy for hepatopulmonary syndrome: a pilot randomized controlled trial.] ''Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol'' 8 (12):1095-8. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2010.08.011 DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2010.08.011] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/20816858 20816858]</ref>
<ref name="pmid18779471">Gupta LB, Kumar A, Jaiswal AK, Yusuf J, Mehta V, Tyagi S et al. (2008) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18779471 Pentoxifylline therapy for hepatopulmonary syndrome: a pilot study.] ''Arch Intern Med'' 168 (16):1820-3. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.16.1820 DOI:10.1001/archinte.168.16.1820] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/18779471 18779471]</ref>
<ref name="pmid18668653">Tanikella R, Philips GM, Faulk DK, Kawut SM, Fallon MB (2008) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18668653 Pilot study of pentoxifylline in hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Liver Transpl'' 14 (8):1199-203. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.21482 DOI:10.1002/lt.21482] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/18668653 18668653]</ref>
<ref name="pmid12853200">Brussino L, Bucca C, Morello M, Scappaticci E, Mauro M, Rolla G (2003) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12853200 Effect on dyspnoea and hypoxaemia of inhaled N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Lancet'' 362 (9377):43-4. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13807-X DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13807-X] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/12853200 12853200]</ref>
<ref name="pmid11074903">Schenk P, Madl C, Rezaie-Majd S, Lehr S, Müller C (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11074903 Methylene blue improves the hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Ann Intern Med'' 133 (9):701-6. [http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-133-9-200011070-00012 DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-133-9-200011070-00012] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11074903 11074903]</ref>
<ref name="pmid11497151">Jounieaux V, Leleu O, Mayeux I (2001) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11497151 Cardiopulmonary effects of nitric oxide inhalation and methylene blue injection in hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''Intensive Care Med'' 27 (6):1103-4. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/11497151 11497151]</ref>
<ref name="pmid16425397">Martinez-Palli G, Drake BB, Garcia-Pagan JC, Barbera JA, Arguedas MR, Rodriguez-Roisin R et al. (2005) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16425397 Effect of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on pulmonary gas exchange in patients with portal hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome.] ''World J Gastroenterol'' 11 (43):6858-62. [http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v11.i43.6858 DOI:10.3748/wjg.v11.i43.6858] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/16425397 16425397]</ref>
<ref name="pmid16840770">Skinner HA, Maley O, Norman CD (2006) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16840770 Developing internet-based eHealth promotion programs: the Spiral Technology Action Research (STAR) model.] ''Health Promot Pract'' 7 (4):406-17. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839905278889 DOI:10.1177/1524839905278889] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/16840770 16840770]</ref>
<ref name="pmid10735398">Winker MA, Flanagin A, Chi-Lum B, White J, Andrews K, Kennett RL et al. (2000) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10735398 Guidelines for medical and health information sites on the internet: principles governing AMA web sites. American Medical Association.] ''JAMA'' 283 (12):1600-6. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.12.1600 DOI:10.1001/jama.283.12.1600] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/10735398 10735398]</ref>
<ref name="pmid21893713">Boyer C, Baujard V, Geissbuhler A (2011) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21893713 Evolution of health web certification through the HONcode experience.] ''Stud Health Technol Inform'' 169 ():53-7. PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/21893713 21893713]</ref>
<ref name="pmid24137573">Ghajar-Khosravi S, Tarlo SM, Liss GM, Chignell M, Ribeiro M, Levinson AJ et al. (2013) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24137573 Development of a web-based, work-related asthma educational tool for patients with asthma.] ''Can Respir J'' 20 (6):417-23. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/562104 DOI:10.1155/2013/562104] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/24137573 24137573]</ref>
<ref name="pmid28302500">Marianayagam J, Griffin K, Sykes J, Gupta S (2017) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28302500 Development and Evaluation of an Online Resource for Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Patients and Caregivers: www.hpscare.com.] ''Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol'' 15 (8):1302-1304. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2017.03.002 DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2017.03.002] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/28302500 28302500]</ref>




Revision as of 17:21, 6 September 2019

Hepatopulmonary syndrome Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Hepatopulmonary syndrome from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT scan

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Hepatopulmonary syndrome historical perspective On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hepatopulmonary syndrome historical perspective

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Hepatopulmonary syndrome historical perspective

CDC on Hepatopulmonary syndrome historical perspective

Hepatopulmonary syndrome historical perspective in the news

Blogs on Hepatopulmonary syndrome historical perspective

Directions to Hospitals Treating Psoriasis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Hepatopulmonary syndrome historical perspective

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Soroush Seifirad, M.D.[2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • In 1884, Flückiger was the first to report the association between liver dysfunction and the development of hypoxemia. (Flückiger M. Vorkommen von trommelschlagel-formigen fingerendphalangen ohne chronische veranderungeng an den lungen oder am herzen. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1884;34:1457.)
  • The term "hepatopulmonary syndrome" was first suggested by Kennedy and Knudson almost 100 years later,in 1977 during describing a patient with the classic findings of hepatopulmonary syndrome.[1]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • Currently the only definitive treatment is liver transplantation. Alternative treatments such as supplemental oxygen or somatostatin to inhibit vasodilation remains anecdotal.
  • Here are the landmarks of liver transplantation pathway.
  • In the 1960s, Thomas Starzl used dogs as the first animals for research on liver transplantation in Boston and Chicago.
  • In 1963, the first liver transplant in humans was attempted by a surgical team led by Dr. Thomas Starzl of Denver, Colorado, United States.
  • Dr. Starzl performed many additional transplants until he was successful in 1967 with the first one-year survival post-transplantation.
  • In 1970, the regimen for immunosuppressive therapy following transplant was introduced, but azathioprine and steroids did not improve survival rates of patients.
  • In the 1980s, with the introduction of cyclosporine by Sir Roy Calne, there was an improvement in rejection rates.
  • In 1983, liver transplantation was no longer an experimental modality, but a clinically accepted form of therapy for both adult and pediatric patients with appropriate indications.
  • In 1986, the introduction of monoclonal antibodies such as muromonab-CD3 [OKT3] further contributed to improvement of quality of immunosuppressive therapy used in patients, with significant decline in rejection rates.
  • In 1988, University of Wisconsin (UW) solution was developed, which ensured a smooth surgery and longer preservation period.
  • In 1992, the concept of xenotransplantation and cloning techniques were introduced by Starzl.
  • In 1999, approximately 5000 procedures were carried out, in contrast to 100 which had been performed a decade earlier.
  • Recently, the introduction of newer immunosuppressive agents such as IL-2 receptor blockers and tacrolimus, have drastically increased patient survival ratesto 1 and 5-year rates of approximately 85 and 70 percent respectively.
  • In December 2016, 147,128 liver transplants were performed in the US as compared to 7217 in 1998 based on data from the United Organ Sharing (UNOS) network.


References

  1. ↑ Kennedy TC, Knudson RJ (1977) Exercise-aggravated hypoxemia and orthodeoxia in cirrhosis. Chest 72 (3):305-9. DOI:10.1378/chest.72.3.305 PMID: 891282
Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Hepatopulmonary_syndrome_historical_perspective&oldid=1581295"