Hypopharyngeal cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions

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*Occupational exposures such as:
*Occupational exposures such as:
:*[[Asbestos]]<ref name="pmid24142981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Langevin SM, O'Sullivan MH, Valerio JL, Pawlita M, Applebaum KM, Eliot M, McClean MD, Kelsey KT |title=Occupational asbestos exposure is associated with pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in men from the greater Boston area |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=858–63 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24142981 |pmc=4227396 |doi=10.1136/oemed-2013-101528 |url=}}</ref>
:*[[Asbestos]]<ref name="pmid24142981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Langevin SM, O'Sullivan MH, Valerio JL, Pawlita M, Applebaum KM, Eliot M, McClean MD, Kelsey KT |title=Occupational asbestos exposure is associated with pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in men from the greater Boston area |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=858–63 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24142981 |pmc=4227396 |doi=10.1136/oemed-2013-101528 |url=}}</ref>
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Smoking
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*Mutations may change a normal DNA sequence to an oncogene, which is a gene that causes cancer after exposure to a [[carcinogen]].
*Squamous cells, a type of cell that lines hollow organs like the throat, mouth, lungs, and outer layer of skin, are particularly vulnerable when exposed to cigarette smoke.
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Chewing tobacco
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*The chewing tobacco is placed into the mouth, leaving it exposed to enzymes, like [[amylase]], which partly digests the carcinogenic material. Saliva is swallowed, along with the cancer-promoting material, which passes through the hypopharynx on its way to the [[esophagus]].
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Heavy alcohol consumption
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*Heavy alcohol consumption is linked to hypopharyngeal cancer as well. Alcohol damages the lining of the hypopharynx, increasing the amount of chemicals that are allowed to seep into the underlying membranes. Heavy alcohol use is also associated with nutritional deficiencies.
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[[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]]
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*A genetic disorder that causes a long-term iron deficiency, may also lead to hypopharyngeal cancer.
*Other factors like a deficiency in certain vitamins also appear to contribute to this type of cancer.
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==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:49, 24 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2],Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of hypopharyngeal cancer are tobacco use, and abuse of alcohol consumption.

Risk Factors

Common risk factors for the development of hypopharyngeal cancer include:[1][2]

References

  1. "Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ(R)): Patient Version". 2002. PMID 26389254.
  2. Hypopharyngeal cancer treatment. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/hypopharyngeal-treatment-pdq Accessed on October 7, 2015
  3. 3.0 3.1 Maasland, Denise HE; van den Brandt, Piet A; Kremer, Bernd; Goldbohm, R Alexandra; Schouten, Leo J (2014). "Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and the risk of subtypes of head-neck cancer: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study". BMC Cancer. 14 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-187. ISSN 1471-2407.
  4. Novacek, Gottfried (2006). Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 1 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-36. ISSN 1750-1172. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. Toland, Amanda Ewart; Joo, Young-Hoon; Lee, Youn-Soo; Cho, Kwang-Jae; Park, Jun-Ook; Nam, In-Chul; Kim, Chung-Soo; Kim, Sang-Yeon; Kim, Min-Sik (2013). "Characteristics and Prognostic Implications of High-Risk HPV-Associated Hypopharyngeal Cancers". PLoS ONE. 8 (11): e78718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078718. ISSN 1932-6203.
  6. Guha, Neela; Warnakulasuriya, Saman; Vlaanderen, Jelle; Straif, Kurt (2014). "Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: A meta-analysis with implications for cancer control". International Journal of Cancer. 135 (6): 1433–1443. doi:10.1002/ijc.28643. ISSN 0020-7136.
  7. Auluck A, Hislop G, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin MP (2009). "Areca nut and betel quid chewing among South Asian immigrants to Western countries and its implications for oral cancer screening". Rural Remote Health. 9 (2): 1118. PMC 2726113. PMID 19445556.
  8. Langevin SM, O'Sullivan MH, Valerio JL, Pawlita M, Applebaum KM, Eliot M, McClean MD, Kelsey KT (December 2013). "Occupational asbestos exposure is associated with pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in men from the greater Boston area". Occup Environ Med. 70 (12): 858–63. doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101528. PMC 4227396. PMID 24142981.