Rhabdomyolysis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{familytree | | | | | | G01 | | G02 | | | | G03 | | | G04 |G01='''Metabolic myopathies'''|G02='''Mitochondrial myopathies'''|G03='''Malignant hyperthermia'''|G04='''Neuroleptic malignant syndrome''' }}
{{familytree | | | | | | G01 | | G02 | | | | G03 | | | G04 |G01='''Metabolic myopathies'''|G02='''Mitochondrial myopathies'''|G03='''Malignant hyperthermia'''|G04='''Neuroleptic malignant syndrome''' }}
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{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 30%;" | '''Metabolic myopathies'''
! style="width: 30%;" | '''Mitochondrial myopathies'''
! style="width: 20%;" | '''Malignant hyperthermia'''
! style="width: 20%;" | '''Neuroleptic malignant syndrome'''
|-
| valign = top |
'''Disorders of glycogenolysis'''
*Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease)
*Phosphorylase kinase deficiency
'''Disorders of glycolysis'''
*Phosphofructokinase deficiency
*Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency
*Phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency
*Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency
'''Disorders of lipid metabolism'''
*Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency
*Carnitine deficiency
*Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
*Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
*Lipin-1 deficiency
'''Disorders of purine metabolism'''
*Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency
Other defects
*Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility caused by RYR1 gene mutations
*Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) deficiency
*Brody myopathy (Calcium adenosine triphosphatase deficiency)
| valign = top |
*Isolated myopathy
*Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
*Kearns-Sayre syndrome
*Severe encephalomyopathy of infancy or childhood
*Barth syndrome
*GRACILE syndrome
*Leigh syndrome (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy)
*Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
*Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)
| valign = top |
'''Volatile anesthetic agent'''
*Halothane,
*Isoflurane,
*Sevoflurane,
*Desflurane
'''Depolarising Neuro-Muscular Blocker'''
*succinylcholine
| valign = top |
'''Neuroleptics'''
*Aripiprazole
*Asenapine maleate
*Chlorpromazine
*Clozapine
*Fluphenazine
*Haloperidol
*Iloperidone
*Loxapine
*Olanzapine
*Paliperidone
*Perphenazine
*Prochlorperazine
*Quetiapine
*Risperidone
*Thioridazine
*Thiothixene
*Trifluoperazine
*Ziprasidone
'''Antiemetic agents'''
*Domperidone
*Droperidol
*Metoclopromide
*Prochlorperazine
*Promethazine
'''Anti Parkison drug withdrawl'''
*L-Dopa
*Bromocriptine
*Cabergoline


===Mechanical Causes===
===Mechanical Causes===

Revision as of 18:40, 8 November 2016

Rhabdomyolysis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Injuries leading to rhabdomyolysis can be due to mechanical, physical, and chemical causes.

Causes

Causes by Pathophysiology

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rhadomyolysis
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Traumatic or Muscle Compression
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non - Traumatic
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non - Traumatic Exerional
 
 
 
 
 
Non - Traumatic Non - Exerional
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non - Traumatic Exerional Rhadomyolysis in a Normal Muscle
 
 
 
 
 
Non - Traumatic Exerional Rhadomyolysis in an Abnormal Muscle
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
❑Crush Injury
❑Coma
❑Post Ictal state
❑Post - Operative Surgical trauma
❑Electrical Injury ❑Compartment Syndrome
❑Immbilizaion
 
❑Exertional
❑Heat Stroke
❑Sickle Cell Trait
❑Hypokalemia
❑Hyperkinetic States Such as
*Grand-mal Seizures
*Delirium Tremens
*Psychotic agitation
*Amphetamine Overdose
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Metabolic myopathies
 
Mitochondrial myopathies
 
 
 
Malignant hyperthermia
 
 
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Metabolic myopathies Mitochondrial myopathies Malignant hyperthermia Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Disorders of glycogenolysis

  • Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle disease)
  • Phosphorylase kinase deficiency

Disorders of glycolysis

  • Phosphofructokinase deficiency
  • Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency
  • Phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency
  • Lactate dehydrogenase deficiency

Disorders of lipid metabolism

  • Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency
  • Carnitine deficiency
  • Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
  • Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
  • Lipin-1 deficiency

Disorders of purine metabolism

  • Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency

Other defects

  • Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility caused by RYR1 gene mutations
  • Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) deficiency
  • Brody myopathy (Calcium adenosine triphosphatase deficiency)
  • Isolated myopathy
  • Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO)
  • Kearns-Sayre syndrome
  • Severe encephalomyopathy of infancy or childhood
  • Barth syndrome
  • GRACILE syndrome
  • Leigh syndrome (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy)
  • Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)
  • Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)

Volatile anesthetic agent

  • Halothane,
  • Isoflurane,
  • Sevoflurane,
  • Desflurane

Depolarising Neuro-Muscular Blocker

  • succinylcholine

Neuroleptics

  • Aripiprazole
  • Asenapine maleate
  • Chlorpromazine
  • Clozapine
  • Fluphenazine
  • Haloperidol
  • Iloperidone
  • Loxapine
  • Olanzapine
  • Paliperidone
  • Perphenazine
  • Prochlorperazine
  • Quetiapine
  • Risperidone
  • Thioridazine
  • Thiothixene
  • Trifluoperazine
  • Ziprasidone

Antiemetic agents

  • Domperidone
  • Droperidol
  • Metoclopromide
  • Prochlorperazine
  • Promethazine

Anti Parkison drug withdrawl

  • L-Dopa
  • Bromocriptine
  • Cabergoline

Mechanical Causes

Physical causes

  • Electric current
  • Extreme physical exertion (although most heavy exercise does not cause kidney damage)[1]
  • High fever or hyperthermia

Chemical causes


Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen and Oxycodone, Cytarabine, Diphenhydramine, Entacapone, Felbamate, Iodixanol, Ioxilan, Isotretinoin, lamivudine, Sorafenib, Sulfasalazine, Trospium, trientine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

References

  1. Clarkson P, Kearns A, Rouzier P, Rubin R, Thompson P (2006). "Serum creatine kinase levels and renal function measures in exertional muscle damage". Med Sci Sports Exerc. 38 (4): 623–7. PMID 16679975.
  2. Larbi EB (1998). "Drug-induced rhabdomyolysis". Annals of Saudi medicine. 18 (6): 525–30. PMID 17344731.
  3. Chabria SB (2006). "Rhabdomyolysis: a manifestation of cyclobenzaprine toxicity". Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England). 1: 16. doi:10.1186/1745-6673-1-16. PMID 16846511.

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