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==Other Diagnostic Studies==
==Other Diagnostic Studies==
Other diagnostic studies for epithelioid sarcoma include genetic testing and immunohistochemistry.
Other diagnostic studies for epithelioid sarcoma include genetic testing and immunohistochemistry.
==Biopsy==
Tissue biopsy may be helpful in the diagnosis of epithelioid sarcoma. Findings on biopsy suggestive of epithelioid sarcoma include white nodules with infiltrating margins,  epithelial cells well blended with fusiform cells with intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and "pseudogranulomatous" proliferation of cells around acellular necrotic debris.
==Medical Therapy==
==Medical Therapy==



Revision as of 14:55, 19 February 2016

Epithelioid sarcoma Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Epithelioid sarcoma from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Staging

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

MRI

Other Diagnostic Studies

Biopsy

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jesus Rosario Hernandez, M.D. [2]; Ammu Susheela, M.D. [3]

Overview

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare mesenchymal soft tissue tumor with an epithelioid pattern. It often occurs in the extremities of young people. Diagnosis is often delayed because of the unusual nature of the tumor.

Historical Perspective

Epithelioid sarcoma was first discovered by Dr. J. Laskowski, a polish doctor, in 1961 following the description of a clinical entity called sarcoma aponeuroticum due to involvement of aponeurosis. Enzinger coined the term epithelioid sarcoma in 1970.

Pathophysiology

Mutations in the SMARCB1 gene cause epithelioid sarcoma. On gross pathology, solid, multinodular mass, glistening gray tan appearance, and multiple areas of hemorrhage and necrosis are characteristic findings of epithelioid sarcoma. On microscopic histopathological analysis, central necrosis surrounded by bland, polygonal cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and peripheral spindling, desmoplasia, focal calcification, or metaplastic ossification are characteristic findings of epithelioid sarcoma.

Causes

Mutations in the SMARCB1 gene cause epithelioid sarcoma.

Differentiating Epithelioid sarcoma from other Diseases

Epithelioid sarcoma must be differentiated from synovial sarcoma, wart, ganglion cysts, rhabdomyosarcoma, and clear cell sarcoma.

Epidemiology and Demographics

The epithelioid sarcoma is a very rare disease. The incidence of epithelioid sarcoma increases between ages of 10 and 39 and the average age of presentation was 27 years. Males are more commonly affected with epithelioid sarcoma than female. Epithelioid sarcoma of upper extremity usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race.

Risk Factors

The most potent risk factor in the development of epithelioid sarcoma is the presence of family history of epithelioid sarcoma.

Natural history, Complications and Prognosis

The symptoms of epithelioid sarcoma usually develop in the second decade of life, and start with symptoms such as mass. Epitheliod sarcoma has a tendency for lymph node metastasis. The most common sites of epithelioid metastasis include lungs, lymph nodes, and scalp. Common complications of epithelioid sarcoma include metastasis, nerve compression, and numbness. The prognosis of epithelioid sarcoma is good for females.

Staging

The staging for epithelioid sarcoma takes into account size and location of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement, presence and location of metastasis, and histologic grade.

History and Symptoms

Mass in the extremities is the major symptom of epitheliod sarcoma.

Physical Examination

Patients with epithelioid sarcoma usually appear healthy. Physical examination of patients with epithelioid sarcoma is usually remarkable for firm to hard palpable masses in the extremities.

MRI

MRI may be performed to detect metastases of epithelioid sarcoma to determine anatomic boundaries.

Other Diagnostic Studies

Other diagnostic studies for epithelioid sarcoma include genetic testing and immunohistochemistry.

Biopsy

Tissue biopsy may be helpful in the diagnosis of epithelioid sarcoma. Findings on biopsy suggestive of epithelioid sarcoma include white nodules with infiltrating margins, epithelial cells well blended with fusiform cells with intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and "pseudogranulomatous" proliferation of cells around acellular necrotic debris.

Medical Therapy

Surgery

References


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