Sleep apnea natural history, complications and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Sleep apnea can | Sleep apnea can begin with loud snoring and eventually lead to serious complications. Common complications include daytime sleepiness, depression, and headaches. More serious complications include [[cardiovascular]] diseases, [[stroke]], and [[hypertension]]. If sleep apnea is adequately treated, the prognosis is very good. If it is left untreated, patients can develop serious complications with a poor prognosis. | ||
==Natural History== | ==Natural History== | ||
*Sleep apnea is a progressive disease | *Sleep apnea is a progressive disease and its earliest manifestation is snoring<ref name="Grunstein1994">{{cite journal|last1=Grunstein|first1=R.R.|title=Sleep apnoea - evolution and doubt|journal=European Respiratory Journal|volume=7|issue=10|year=1994|pages=1741–1743|issn=00000000|doi=10.1183/09031936.94.07101741}}</ref> | ||
*Heavy snoring | *Heavy snoring leads towards prolonged apneas, followed by choking or gasping<ref name="Grunstein1994">{{cite journal|last1=Grunstein|first1=R.R.|title=Sleep apnoea - evolution and doubt|journal=European Respiratory Journal|volume=7|issue=10|year=1994|pages=1741–1743|issn=00000000|doi=10.1183/09031936.94.07101741}}</ref> | ||
*Eventually, the [[snoring]] may happen more often and get louder | *Eventually, the [[snoring]] may happen more often and get louder | ||
*As a result, the patient can develop [[depression]], [[headaches]], and impotence | |||
*As a result, the patient can develop | |||
*If the sleep apnea is left untreated, more serious complications can arise such as [[hypertension]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[stroke]], [[CHF]], and [[atrial fibrillation]] | *If the sleep apnea is left untreated, more serious complications can arise such as [[hypertension]], [[coronary artery disease]], [[stroke]], [[CHF]], and [[atrial fibrillation]] | ||
==Complications== | ==Complications== | ||
The following complications can develop as a result of sleep apnea: | |||
*[[Depression]] | *[[Depression]] | ||
*[[Hypertension]] | *[[Hypertension]] | ||
| Line 25: | Line 21: | ||
*[[CHF]] | *[[CHF]] | ||
*[[Atrial fibrillation]] | *[[Atrial fibrillation]] | ||
*[[Failure to thrive]] in small children | *[[Failure to thrive]] in small children | ||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
*The prognosis for patients is very good if properly treated | *The prognosis for patients is very good if properly treated | ||
*Obstructive sleep apnea can be a serious, life-threatening condition if left untreated | *Obstructive sleep apnea can be a serious, life-threatening condition if left untreated | ||
*Poor prognostic factors in central sleep apnea include: | *Poor prognostic factors in central sleep apnea include: | ||
:*Alterations in [[neuromuscular]] control of breathing | :*Alterations in [[neuromuscular]] control of breathing | ||
:*Long-acting [[opioid]] medications<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558}}</ref> | :*Long-acting [[opioid]] medications<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558}}</ref> | ||
*There is a poorer prognosis for patients with sleep apnea during surgery and anesthesia related procedures | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:19, 8 July 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.
Overview
Sleep apnea can begin with loud snoring and eventually lead to serious complications. Common complications include daytime sleepiness, depression, and headaches. More serious complications include cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and hypertension. If sleep apnea is adequately treated, the prognosis is very good. If it is left untreated, patients can develop serious complications with a poor prognosis.
Natural History
- Sleep apnea is a progressive disease and its earliest manifestation is snoring[1]
- Heavy snoring leads towards prolonged apneas, followed by choking or gasping[1]
- Eventually, the snoring may happen more often and get louder
- As a result, the patient can develop depression, headaches, and impotence
- If the sleep apnea is left untreated, more serious complications can arise such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, stroke, CHF, and atrial fibrillation
Complications
The following complications can develop as a result of sleep apnea:
- Depression
- Hypertension
- Coronary artery disease
- Stroke
- CHF
- Atrial fibrillation
- Failure to thrive in small children
Prognosis
- The prognosis for patients is very good if properly treated
- Obstructive sleep apnea can be a serious, life-threatening condition if left untreated
- Poor prognostic factors in central sleep apnea include:
- Alterations in neuromuscular control of breathing
- Long-acting opioid medications[2]
- There is a poorer prognosis for patients with sleep apnea during surgery and anesthesia related procedures
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Grunstein, R.R. (1994). "Sleep apnoea - evolution and doubt". European Respiratory Journal. 7 (10): 1741–1743. doi:10.1183/09031936.94.07101741. ISSN 0000-0000.
- ↑ Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.