Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis historical perspective: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 6: Line 6:


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
<div style="float:right">
{|
|[[File:Robert Koch.jpg|thumb|150px|Robert Koch <br>Image from the History of Medicine (NLM) (http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/images/B16691)]]
|-
|[[File:Cases of MDR-TB in US per year.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Adapted from  CDC. Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, October 20]]
|}</div>
*[[Tuberculosis]] has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' was in the remains of bison, dated 18,000 BC.<ref name=Rothschild_2001>{{cite journal |author=Rothschild B, Martin L, Lev G, Bercovier H, Bar-Gal G, Greenblatt C, Donoghue H, Spigelman M, Brittain D |title=Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=305-11 |year=2001 | pmid = 11438894}}</ref>  
*[[Tuberculosis]] has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' was in the remains of bison, dated 18,000 BC.<ref name=Rothschild_2001>{{cite journal |author=Rothschild B, Martin L, Lev G, Bercovier H, Bar-Gal G, Greenblatt C, Donoghue H, Spigelman M, Brittain D |title=Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=305-11 |year=2001 | pmid = 11438894}}</ref>  
*However, whether [[tuberculosis]] originated in cattle and then transferred to humans, or diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear.<ref name=Pearce-Duvet_2006>{{cite journal |author=Pearce-Duvet J |title=The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease |journal=Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=369-82 |year=2006 | pmid = 16672105}}</ref>  
*However, whether [[tuberculosis]] originated in cattle and then transferred to humans, or diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear.<ref name=Pearce-Duvet_2006>{{cite journal |author=Pearce-Duvet J |title=The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease |journal=Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=369-82 |year=2006 | pmid = 16672105}}</ref>  
Line 28: Line 21:
<br>
<br>
{{further|[[Tuberculosis historical perspective]]}}
{{further|[[Tuberculosis historical perspective]]}}
{|
|[[File:Robert Koch.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Robert Koch <br>Image from the History of Medicine (NLM) (http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/images/B16691)]]
|[[File:Cases of MDR-TB in US per year.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Adapted from  CDC. Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, October 20]]
|}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 15:18, 30 September 2014

Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis historical perspective On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis historical perspective

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis historical perspective

CDC on Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis historical perspective

Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis historical perspective in the news

Blogs on Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis historical perspective

Directions to Hospitals Treating Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis historical perspective

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

  • Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity. The earliest unambiguous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was in the remains of bison, dated 18,000 BC.[1]
  • However, whether tuberculosis originated in cattle and then transferred to humans, or diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear.[2]
  • Through history tuberculosis had many names, such as phthisis and Wasting disease, which were mostly derived from its symptoms.
  • The rod-shaped bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis was only identified in 1882 by Robert Koch.
  • In the 19th and early 20th centuries, tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern, being considered an endemic disease of the urban poor. In 1946, the development of streptomycin made possible the treatment and cure for tuberculosis.
  • During the 1970s, a multi-drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis was first described. [3]
  • In 1990, the DOTS strategy was first introduced by WHO to prevent patient's drop-out from the medical regimen.[4]
  • Since 1993 the proportion of patients with primary multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB decreased from 3% to 1% by 1998. [4]
  • During 2009 through 2013, the percentage of primary MDR TB cases has remained stable at approximately 1%. [4]
  • Since 1997, the percentage of U.S.-born patients with primary MDR TB has remained below 1%. [4]
  • However, of the total number of reported primary MDR TB cases, the proportion occurring in foreign-born persons increased from 25% (103 of 407) in 1993 to 92% (75 of 82) in 2013.[4]
  • In 2012, an estimated of 450 000 cases of MDR-TB were reported and there were an estimated 170 000 deaths from MDR-TB.[5]
  • Also, the WHO reported that 3.6% of newly diagnosed TB cases were drug resistant and 20% of previously treated patients developed multi-drug resistant TB.


Robert Koch
Image from the History of Medicine (NLM) (http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/images/B16691)
Adapted from CDC. Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, October 20

References

  1. Rothschild B, Martin L, Lev G, Bercovier H, Bar-Gal G, Greenblatt C, Donoghue H, Spigelman M, Brittain D (2001). "Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA from an extinct bison dated 17,000 years before the present". Clin Infect Dis. 33 (3): 305–11. PMID 11438894.
  2. Pearce-Duvet J (2006). "The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease". Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 81 (3): 369–82. PMID 16672105.
  3. "CDC Meeting the Challenge of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Summary of a Conference 1992".
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "CDC. Reported Tuberculosis in the United States, 2013. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, October 2014" (PDF).
  5. "WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2013".

Template:WH Template:WS