Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis causes: Difference between revisions
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{{Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis}} | {{Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{JS}} | |||
{{SK}} M. Tuberculosis | |||
==Overview== | |||
'''''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''''' is the [[bacterium]] responsible for [[tuberculosis]]. It is an [[aerobic]], [[capsule|non-encapsulated]], [[motility|non-motile]], [[acid-fast]] [[bacillus]]. M. tuberculosis belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, that also includes [[bacteria]], such as ''M. bovis'' and ''M. africanum''. The bacterium has a very slow rate of [[replication]], and its [[genetic]] variations account for the geographical distribution of different [[strains]], and are involved in [[drug resistance]]. M. tuberculosis has [[tropism]] for different kinds of human cells, with preference for cells of the [[lung]]. It may infect different species, yet human beings are its frequent [[natural reservoir]]. | |||
==Taxonomy== | |||
{| style="float: right;" | |||
| [[File:M.tuberculosis1.jpg|200px|thumb|none|Computer-generated image of a cluster of rod-shaped drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria.<SMALL> ''Image provided by the CDC [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] ''<ref>{{Cite web | title = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp}}</ref></SMALL>]] | |||
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| [[File:M. tuberculosis2.jpg|200px|thumb|none|Thin agar culture plates reveal the results of a drug susceptibility test on Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria <SMALL> ''Image provided by the CDC [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] ''<ref>{{Cite web | title = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp}}</ref></SMALL>]] | |||
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Cellular organisms; [[Bacteria]]; [[Actinobacteria]]; [[Actinobacteria]]; [[Actinobacteridae]]; [[Actinomycetales]]; [[Corynebacterineae]]; [[Mycobacteriaceae]]; ''[[Mycobacterium]]''; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; ''M. tuberculosis''<ref name=NCBI>{{cite web | title = Mycobacterium tuberculosis | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1773 }}</ref> | |||
==Biology== | |||
''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. This complex includes ''M. tuberculosis'', ''M. bovis'', ''M. africanum'', ''M. canetti'', and ''M. microti''.<ref name="pmid21420161">{{cite journal| author=Lawn SD, Zumla AI| title=Tuberculosis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 57-72 | pmid=21420161 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420161 }} </ref> | |||
''M. tuberculosis'' is an [[obligate aerobe]], [[capsule|non-encapsulated]], [[motility|non-motile]], [[acid-fast]] [[bacillus]]. Slender, straight or slightly curved [[bacillus]] with rounded ends, occuring singly, in pairs or in small clumps. It does not form [[spores]] and its ideal growing environment includes tissues with high levels of [[oxygen]]. It cannot be considered gram positive or gram negative due to its high lipid [[cell wall]], which is impermeable to the dyes until combined with an alcohol. On microscopic examination of [[sputum]] samples, the bacteria cannot be distinguished from other [[acid-fast]] bacteria, such as [[Nocardia]] app.<ref name="pmid21420161">{{cite journal| author=Lawn SD, Zumla AI| title=Tuberculosis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 57-72 | pmid=21420161 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420161 }} </ref> | |||
''M. tuberculosis'' has a very slow rate of replication, taking about 15 to 20 hours to divide. This characteristic, added to its ability to remain in the latent state for long periods of time, account for the long treatment duration required.<ref name="pmid21420161">{{cite journal| author=Lawn SD, Zumla AI| title=Tuberculosis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 57-72 | pmid=21420161 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420161 }} </ref> | |||
Genetic variances in the [[genome]] of ''M. tuberculosis'' lead to important [[phenotypical]] changes. There are many different [[strains]] of the bacteria, however, 6 of them were noted to be associated with specific geographic areas. This data is important since 3 [[strains]], the ''Beijing family'', ''strain W'' and the ''W-like strains'', were noted to be associated with resistance to treatment drugs.<ref name="pmid19483712">{{cite journal| author=Smith NH, Hewinson RG, Kremer K, Brosch R, Gordon SV| title=Myths and misconceptions: the origin and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. | journal=Nat Rev Microbiol | year= 2009 | volume= 7 | issue= 7 | pages= 537-44 | pmid=19483712 | doi=10.1038/nrmicro2165 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19483712 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17448936">{{cite journal| author=Gagneux S, Small PM| title=Global phylogeography of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and implications for tuberculosis product development. | journal=Lancet Infect Dis | year= 2007 | volume= 7 | issue= 5 | pages= 328-37 | pmid=17448936 | doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70108-1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17448936 }} </ref> | |||
==Tropism== | |||
''M. tuberculosis'' can infect different cells of the human body, however, due to its preference for tissues with high oxygen levels, its cellular tropism is mostly directed towards lung cells.<ref name="pmid21420161">{{cite journal| author=Lawn SD, Zumla AI| title=Tuberculosis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 57-72 | pmid=21420161 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420161 }} </ref> | |||
==Natural Reservoir== | |||
Human beings are the main [[natural reservoir]] for ''M. tuberculosis'', however, the bacteria may infect other [[species]].<ref name="pmid21420161">{{cite journal| author=Lawn SD, Zumla AI| title=Tuberculosis. | journal=Lancet | year= 2011 | volume= 378 | issue= 9785 | pages= 57-72 | pmid=21420161 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420161 }} </ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | [[Category:Bacterial diseases]] | ||
Revision as of 22:06, 29 September 2014
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Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Synonyms and keywords: M. Tuberculosis
Overview
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis. It is an aerobic, non-encapsulated, non-motile, acid-fast bacillus. M. tuberculosis belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, that also includes bacteria, such as M. bovis and M. africanum. The bacterium has a very slow rate of replication, and its genetic variations account for the geographical distribution of different strains, and are involved in drug resistance. M. tuberculosis has tropism for different kinds of human cells, with preference for cells of the lung. It may infect different species, yet human beings are its frequent natural reservoir.
Taxonomy
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 |
Cellular organisms; Bacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteria; Actinobacteridae; Actinomycetales; Corynebacterineae; Mycobacteriaceae; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; M. tuberculosis[3]
Biology
Mycobacterium tuberculosis belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. This complex includes M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti.[4]
M. tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe, non-encapsulated, non-motile, acid-fast bacillus. Slender, straight or slightly curved bacillus with rounded ends, occuring singly, in pairs or in small clumps. It does not form spores and its ideal growing environment includes tissues with high levels of oxygen. It cannot be considered gram positive or gram negative due to its high lipid cell wall, which is impermeable to the dyes until combined with an alcohol. On microscopic examination of sputum samples, the bacteria cannot be distinguished from other acid-fast bacteria, such as Nocardia app.[4]
M. tuberculosis has a very slow rate of replication, taking about 15 to 20 hours to divide. This characteristic, added to its ability to remain in the latent state for long periods of time, account for the long treatment duration required.[4]
Genetic variances in the genome of M. tuberculosis lead to important phenotypical changes. There are many different strains of the bacteria, however, 6 of them were noted to be associated with specific geographic areas. This data is important since 3 strains, the Beijing family, strain W and the W-like strains, were noted to be associated with resistance to treatment drugs.[5][6]
Tropism
M. tuberculosis can infect different cells of the human body, however, due to its preference for tissues with high oxygen levels, its cellular tropism is mostly directed towards lung cells.[4]
Natural Reservoir
Human beings are the main natural reservoir for M. tuberculosis, however, the bacteria may infect other species.[4]
References
- ↑ "http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp". External link in
|title=(help) - ↑ "http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp". External link in
|title=(help) - ↑ "Mycobacterium tuberculosis".
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Lawn SD, Zumla AI (2011). "Tuberculosis". Lancet. 378 (9785): 57–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3. PMID 21420161.
- ↑ Smith NH, Hewinson RG, Kremer K, Brosch R, Gordon SV (2009). "Myths and misconceptions: the origin and evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis". Nat Rev Microbiol. 7 (7): 537–44. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2165. PMID 19483712.
- ↑ Gagneux S, Small PM (2007). "Global phylogeography of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and implications for tuberculosis product development". Lancet Infect Dis. 7 (5): 328–37. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70108-1. PMID 17448936.