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| Line 20: |
Line 20: |
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| ==The Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Diarrhea==
| |
| (In alphabetical order)
| |
|
| |
| {{MultiCol}}
| |
| *[[2C-B]]
| |
| *[[2-Ethylhexanol]]
| |
| *[[3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[5-HT3 antagonist]]
| |
| *[[5-MeO-AMT]]
| |
| *[[5-Methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine]]
| |
| *[[Abacavir ]]
| |
| *[[Abdominal abscess]]
| |
| *[[Abdominal cancer]]
| |
| *[[Abetalipoproteinemia]]
| |
| *[[Abrin]]
| |
| *[[Acacia nilotica]]
| |
| *[[Acacia senegal]]
| |
| *[[Acamprosate]]
| |
| *[[Acarbose]]
| |
| *[[Acebutolol ]]
| |
| *[[Achlorhydria]]
| |
| *[[Aciclovir]]
| |
| *[[Acitretin ]]
| |
| *[[Aconitine]]
| |
| *[[Acquired angioedema]]
| |
| *[[Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Acrodermatitis enteropathica]]
| |
| *[[Acrodynia]]
| |
| *[[Acute appendicitis]]
| |
| *[[Acute gastritis]]
| |
| *[[Acute kidney failure]]
| |
| *[[Acute pancreatitis]]
| |
| *Acute tin poisoning
| |
| *Acute zinc toxicity
| |
| *[[Addison's disease]]
| |
| *[[Adefovir ]]
| |
| *[[Adenophorea Infections]]
| |
| *[[Adenoviridae Infections]]
| |
| *[[Adjustable gastric band]]
| |
| *[[Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3]]
| |
| *[[Adrenal tumor]]
| |
| *[[Aeromonas hydrophila]]
| |
| *[[Agastache rugosa]]
| |
| *[[Alatrofloxacin Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Alchornea castaneifolia]]
| |
| *[[Alcohol intoxication]]
| |
| *[[Alcohol withdrawal]]
| |
| *[[Aldesleukin ]]
| |
| *[[Alendronate ]]
| |
| *[[Aliskiren]]
| |
| *[[Allergic disorders]]
| |
| *[[Allopurinol ]]
| |
| *[[Alosetron ]]
| |
| *[[Alpha-amanitin]]
| |
| *[[Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor]]
| |
| *[[Alprazolam]]
| |
| *[[Altretamine]]
| |
| *[[Amanita phalloides]]
| |
| *[[Ambenonium]]
| |
| *[[Amebiasis]]
| |
| *[[Amifostine]]
| |
| *[[Amikacin]]
| |
| *[[Amiloride and Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Aminocaproic acid]]
| |
| *[[Aminophylline ]]
| |
| *[[Amlexanox ]]
| |
| *[[Amlodipine and Benazepril ]]
| |
| *[[Ammonium lauryl sulfate]]
| |
| *[[Amnesic shellfish poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Amoxycillin]]
| |
| *[[Amphotericin B]]
| |
| *[[Ampicillin]]
| |
| *[[Amprenavir ]]
| |
| *[[Amyloidosis]]
| |
| *[[Anagrelide ]]
| |
| *[[Anakinra ]]
| |
| *[[Anastrozole ]]
| |
| *[[Ancylostoma duodenale]]
| |
| *Angel's trumpet (D. suaveolans)
| |
| *[[Angioedema]]
| |
| *[[Anguillulosis]]
| |
| *[[Anisindione ]]
| |
| *[[Anopsology]]
| |
| *[[Anthrax]]
| |
| *[[Antonine Plague]]
| |
| *[[Anxiety-tension syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Apomorphine]]
| |
| *[[Appendicitis]]
| |
| *[[Applesauce]]
| |
| *[[Aprepitant ]]
| |
| *[[Arakawa's syndrome II]]
| |
| *[[Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Arsenic poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Ascariasis]]
| |
| *[[Aspartylglycosaminuria]]
| |
| *[[Astrovirus]]
| |
| *[[Atazanavir ]]
| |
| *[[Atenolol ]]
| |
| *[[Athabaskan severe combined immunodeficiency]]
| |
| *[[Atorvastatin ]]
| |
| *[[Atovaquone ]]
| |
| *[[Auranofin ]]
| |
| *Autoimmune adrenalitis
| |
| *Autoimmune enteropathy
| |
| *[[Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome]]
| |
| *Autonomic neuropathy
| |
| *[[Ayahuasca]]
| |
| *[[Azithromycin]]
| |
| *[[Aztreonam Injection ]]
| |
| *Baber's syndrome
| |
| *[[Bacillary dysentery]]
| |
| *[[Bacillus cereus]]
| |
| *Bacterial overgrowth of small intestine
| |
| *Bacterial toxins
| |
| *[[Balantidiasis]]
| |
| *[[Barium nitrate]]
| |
| *[[Barium Sulfate ]]
| |
| *[[Beatrice (psychedelic)]]
| |
| *[[Beef tapeworm]]
| |
| *[[Bepridil ]]
| |
| *[[Bethanechol]]
| |
| *[[Bevacizumab Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Bezafibrate]]
| |
| *[[Bicalutamide ]]
| |
| *[[Biguanide]]
| |
| *Bile acid malabsorption syndrome
| |
| *[[Bile acid sequestrant]]
| |
| *[[Biliary atresia]]
| |
| *[[Biliary tract cancer]]
| |
| *[[Bisacodyl ]]
| |
| *[[Bisoprolol ]]
| |
| *[[Blastocystis hominis]]
| |
| *[[Blind loop syndrome]]
| |
| *Boron overuse
| |
| *[[Borrelia anserina]]
| |
| *[[Bortezomib ]]
| |
| *[[Botulism]]
| |
| *[[Brainerd diarrhea]]
| |
| *Brennemann's syndrome
| |
| *[[Bromelain]]
| |
| *[[Brompheniramine ]]
| |
| *Brown-Symmers disease
| |
| *[[Bumetanide ]]
| |
| *[[Buspirone ]]
| |
| *[[Busulfan ]]
| |
| *[[Caecitis]]
| |
| *[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
| |
| *[[Candesartan ]]
| |
| *[[Candida]]
| |
| *[[Capecitabine ]]
| |
| *[[Capillaria]]
| |
| *[[Capsaicin]]
| |
| *[[Carbamazepine ]]
| |
| *[[Carbon monoxide toxicity]]
| |
| *[[Carboplatin ]]
| |
| *[[Carcinoid syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Carmustine ]]
| |
| *[[Carnitine overuse]]
| |
| *[[Carteolol ]]
| |
| *[[Carvedilol ]]
| |
| *[[Casanthranol]]
| |
| *[[Cascara sagrada]]
| |
| *Castor bean (Ricinus communis)
| |
| *[[Cefaclor]]
| |
| *[[Cefadroxil ]]
| |
| *[[Cefamandole Nafate Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Cefazolin]]
| |
| *[[Cefdinir]]
| |
| *[[Cefepime Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Cefoperazone Sodium Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Cefotaxime Sodium Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Cefotetan Disodium Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Cefoxitin Sodium Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Cefpodoxime ]]
| |
| *[[Ceftazidime Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Ceftizoxime Sodium Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Ceftriaxone Sodium Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Cefuroxime]]
| |
| *[[Celiac disease]]
| |
| *[[Cephalexin ]]
| |
| *[[Cephalosporins]]
| |
| *Cephalothoracic progressive lipodystrophy
| |
| *[[Cephradine Injection ]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Cerivastatin ]]
| |
| *[[Cestoda]]
| |
| *[[Cetuximab Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Cevimeline]]
| |
| *[[Chenodeoxycholic acid]]
| |
| *[[Chloral Hydrate ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorambucil ]]
| |
| *[[Chlordane]]
| |
| *[[Chlordiazepoxide ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorodyne]]
| |
| *[[Chloroquine]]
| |
| *[[Chlorothiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorpheniramine ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorthalidone ]]
| |
| *[[Cholecystitis]]
| |
| *[[Cholestatic jaundice]]
| |
| *[[Cholestyramine ]]
| |
| *[[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Chronic granulomatous disease]]
| |
| *[[Chronic myeloproliferative disorders]]
| |
| *[[Ciclosporin]]
| |
| *[[Cidofovir Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Ciguatera poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Cilostazol]]
| |
| *[[Cimetidine ]]
| |
| *[[Cinacalcet ]]
| |
| *[[Cinchonism]]
| |
| *[[Ciprofloxacin]]
| |
| *[[Cisapride]]
| |
| *[[Citalopram]]
| |
| *[[Cladribine ]]
| |
| *[[Clamoxyquine]]
| |
| *[[Clarithromycin]]
| |
| *[[Classic galactosemia]]
| |
| *[[Clindamycin]]
| |
| *[[Clofarabine]]
| |
| *[[Clofibrate]]
| |
| *[[Clomipramine ]]
| |
| *[[Clonazepam ]]
| |
| *[[Clopidogrel ]]
| |
| *[[Clorazepate ]]
| |
| *[[Clostridium Difficile]]
| |
| *[[Clostridium perfringens food poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Clostridium sordellii]]
| |
| *[[Clostridium welchii]]
| |
| *[[Coccidia]]
| |
| *[[Colchicine toxicity]]
| |
| *[[Colestyramine]]
| |
| *[[Colistimethate Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Colitis]]
| |
| *Colonic inertia
| |
| *Colonic malakoplakia
| |
| *[[Colonic villous adenomata]]
| |
| *[[Colorectal cancer]]
| |
| *[[Colorectal polyps]]
| |
| *[[Common migraine]]
| |
| *[[Common variable immunodeficiency]]
| |
| *[[Complement 5 deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1B]]
| |
| *Congenital short bowel]]
| |
| *Congenital sucrose-isomaltose malabsorption
| |
| *[[Congenital toxoplasmosis]]
| |
| *[[Cornelia de Lange syndrome 2]]
| |
| *Cree leukoencephalopathy
| |
| *[[Crohn's disease]]
| |
| *[[Cronkhite-Canada disease]]
| |
| *[[Cryptosporidiosis]]
| |
| *[[Cyclophosphamide]]
| |
| *[[Cyclosporiasis]]
| |
| *[[Cyproheptadine ]]
| |
| *[[Cysticercosis]]
| |
| *[[Cytarabine ]]
| |
| *[[Cytomegalovirus]]
| |
| *[[Dactinomycin ]]
| |
| *Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)
| |
| *[[Dantrolene]]
| |
| *[[Daptomycin]]
| |
| *[[Darbepoetin Alfa Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Darifenacin ]]
| |
| *[[Darunavir ]]
| |
| *Darvocet withdrawal
| |
| *[[Dasatinib]]
| |
| *[[Daunorubicin ]]
| |
| *Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome
| |
| *[[Deferasirox ]]
| |
| *[[Delavirdine ]]
| |
| *[[Deracoxib]]
| |
| *[[Desoxyn]]
| |
| *[[Destroying angel]]
| |
| *[[Dextroamphetamine and Amphetamine ]]
| |
| *[[Dextromethorphan]]
| |
| *[[Diabetes insipidus]]
| |
| *[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Diacerein]]
| |
| *[[Diazepam ]]
| |
| *[[Diazinon]]
| |
| *[[Dibasic aminoaciduria 2]]
| |
| *[[Diclofenac and Misoprostol ]]
| |
| *[[Dicloxacillin ]]
| |
| *[[Didanosine ]]
| |
| *[[Dientamoeba fragilis]]
| |
| *Diffuse systemic sclerosis
| |
| *[[Diflunisal ]]
| |
| *[[Digoxin]]
| |
| *[[Dilaudid withdrawal]]
| |
| *[[Diltiazem ]]
| |
| *[[Diphyllobothrium infection]]
| |
| *[[Dipylidium caninum infection]]
| |
| *[[Dipyridamole ]]
| |
| *[[Dirithromycin ]]
| |
| *[[Dissociative disorder]]
| |
| *[[Distigmine]]
| |
| *Distomatosis
| |
| *[[Diverticulitis]]
| |
| *[[Docetaxel ]]
| |
| *[[Dofetilide ]]
| |
| *[[Dolasetron ]]
| |
| *[[Donepezil]]
| |
| *[[Doripenem]]
| |
| *[[Doxorubicin ]]
| |
| *[[Doxycycline Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Dracunculiasis]]
| |
| *[[DTPA]]
| |
| *[[Duloxetine]]
| |
| *[[Ebola]]
| |
| *[[Echinococcosis]]
| |
| *[[Efavirenz ]]
| |
| *Egg Hypersensitivity
| |
| *[[Emtricitabine ]]
| |
| *[[Enalapril ]]
| |
| *[[End stage liver failure]]
| |
| *[[Endometriosis]]
| |
| *[[Endosulfan]]
| |
| *[[Enoxacin ]]
| |
| *[[Entacapone ]]
| |
| *[[Entamoeba histolytica]]
| |
| *[[Enteritis]]
| |
| *Entero-Aggregative Escherichia coli
| |
| *Enterocele
| |
| *[[Enterocolitis]]
| |
| *Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli Infection
| |
| *[[Entero-Toxic Escherichia coli]]
| |
| *[[Envenomization by the Martinique lancehead viper]]
| |
| *[[Epirubicin Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Eplerenone ]]
| |
| *[[Epoetin Alfa Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Ergotamine]]
| |
| *[[Ergotism]]
| |
| *[[Erlotinib ]]
| |
| *[[Erythromycin]]
| |
| *[[Escherichia coli ]]
| |
| *[[Esomeprazole ]]
| |
| *[[Estazolam ]]
| |
| *[[Estradiol Topical ]]
| |
| *[[Ethacrynic Acid ]]
| |
| *[[Ethanol]]
| |
| *[[Ethosuximide]]
| |
| *[[Ethylmalonic encephalopathy]]
| |
| *[[Etidronate]]
| |
| *[[Etodolac ]]
| |
| *[[Etoposide]]
| |
| *[[Everolimus]]
| |
| *[[Ewing's sarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Exemestane ]]
| |
| *[[Exenatide]]
| |
| *[[Exenatide Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Ezetimibe ]]
| |
| *[[Fabry's disease]]
| |
| *[[Famciclovir ]]
| |
| *[[Familial amyloid polyneuropathy]]
| |
| *[[Familial polyposis, autosomal recessive]]
| |
| *Familial visceral myopathy
| |
| *[[Famotidine ]]
| |
| *[[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism]]
| |
| *[[Fasciolopsiasis]]
| |
| *[[Favism]]
| |
| *[[Felbamate ]]
| |
| *[[Fexofenadine ]]
| |
| *[[Filariasis]]
| |
| *[[Flavivirus]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Floxuridine ]]
| |
| *[[Fluconazole ]]
| |
| *[[Flucytosine]]
| |
| *[[Fludarabine Phosphate ]]
| |
| *Fluke infections
| |
| *[[Fluoride ]]
| |
| *[[Fluorouracil ]]
| |
| *[[Fluoxetine]]
| |
| *[[Flurazepam ]]
| |
| *[[Flutamide ]]
| |
| *[[Fluticasone Nasal Spray ]]
| |
| *[[Fluvastatin]]
| |
| *[[Fluvoxamine]]
| |
| *[[Folate deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Folic acid toxicity]]
| |
| *[[Food allergies]]
| |
| *[[Food intolerances]]
| |
| *[[Food poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Fosamprenavir ]]
| |
| *[[Foscarnet Sodium Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Fosinopril ]]
| |
| *[[Frovatriptan ]]
| |
| *[[Fructose malabsorption]]
| |
| *[[Fulvestrant Injection ]]
| |
| *Functional disorders
| |
| *Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor
| |
| *[[Fusarium venenatum]]
| |
| *[[Gabapentin ]]
| |
| *[[Galactosemia]]
| |
| *[[Galantamine]]
| |
| *[[Ganciclovir ]]
| |
| *[[Gangrene]]
| |
| *[[Garlic]]
| |
| *[[Gastric dumping syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Gastrinoma]]
| |
| *[[Gastritis]]
| |
| *[[Gastroenteritis]]
| |
| *Gastrointestinal amyloidosis
| |
| *Gastrointestinal neoplasm
| |
| *[[Gatifloxacin ]]
| |
| *[[Gefitinib ]]
| |
| *[[Gemcitabine Hydrochloride ]]
| |
| *[[Gemeprost]]
| |
| *[[Gemfibrozil ]]
| |
| *[[Gentamicin]]
| |
| *[[Giardia lamblia]]
| |
| *[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Ginseng overuse]]
| |
| *[[Glatiramer Injection ]]
| |
| *Glénard syndrome
| |
| *[[Glucagonoma Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Glucosamine]]
| |
| *[[Glucose-galactose malabsorption]]
| |
| *[[Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Gluten sensitivity]]
| |
| *[[Glycopyrrolate ]]
| |
| *[[Gnathostoma Infection]]
| |
| *[[Graft versus host disease]]
| |
| *[[Granisetron ]]
| |
| *[[Graves' Disease]]
| |
| *[[Griseofulvin ]]
| |
| *[[Guanethidine ]]
| |
| *[[Guanfacine]]
| |
| *[[Habba Syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Hartnup disease]]
| |
| *[[Heavy metal ingestion]]
| |
| *[[Helminthiasis]]
| |
| *[[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, familial, 4]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis A]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis B]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis C]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis D]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis E]]
| |
| *[[Hepatitis X]]
| |
| *[[Heroin dependence]]
| |
| *[[Heroin withdrawal]]
| |
| *Heterophyiasis
| |
| *[[Hookworm infection]]
| |
| *[[Human ehrlichiosis]]
| |
| *[[Hydralazine ]]
| |
| *[[Hydrochlorothiazide ]]
| |
| *Hydrocodone withdrawal
| |
| *[[Hydroxychloroquine ]]
| |
| *[[Hydroxyurea ]]
| |
| *[[Hymenolepis infection]]
| |
| *[[Hyoscyamine ]]
| |
| *[[Hyperchloremia]]
| |
| *Hyper-IgD syndrome
| |
| *[[Hyperthyroidism]]
| |
| *[[Ibandronate Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Ibuprofen]]
| |
| *[[Idarubicin ]]
| |
| *Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
| |
| *Idiopathic intestinal pseudoobstruction
| |
| *Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis
| |
| *Iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency
| |
| *[[Ileitis]]
| |
| *[[Imatinib ]]
| |
| *[[Imipenem]]
| |
| *[[Inborn amino acid metabolism disorder]]
| |
| *[[Indomethacin]]
| |
| *[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
| |
| *[[Infliximab Injection ]]
| |
| *Insect sting allergies
| |
| *[[Interferon alpha]]
| |
| *[[Interferon Beta-1b Injection ]]
| |
| *Intestinal Flu
| |
| *Intestinal lymphangiectasis
| |
| *[[Intestinal pseudoobstruction chronic idiopathic]]
| |
| *[[Intrinsic factor, congenital deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Irinotecan]]
| |
| *[[Iron supplements]]
| |
| *[[Irritable bowel syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Ischemic colitis]]
| |
| *[[Isocarboxazid ]]
| |
| *[[Isomalt]]
| |
| *[[Isosporiasis]]
| |
| *[[Isradipine ]]
| |
| *[[Itraconazole]]
| |
| *Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium)
| |
| *[[Juvenile polyposis of infancy]]
| |
| *[[Kanamycin]]
| |
| *[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Katayama fever]]
| |
| *[[Kawasaki disease]]
| |
| *[[Ketorolac]]
| |
| *[[Laburnum]]
| |
| *[[Lactose Intolerance]]
| |
| *[[Lamivudine ]]
| |
| *[[Lamotrigine ]]
| |
| *[[Lanreotide]]
| |
| *[[Lansoprazole ]]
| |
| *[[Lanthanum ]]
| |
| *[[Lapatinib ditosylate]]
| |
| *[[Lassa fever]]
| |
| *[[Laxative abuse]]
| |
| *[[Lead poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Leflunomide ]]
| |
| *[[Legionella pneumophila]]
| |
| *[[Legionnaires' disease]]
| |
| *Leiner disease
| |
| *[[Leptospirosis]]
| |
| *[[Letrozole ]]
| |
| *[[Leuprolide ]]
| |
| *[[Levalbuterol Oral Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Levetiracetam ]]
| |
| *[[Levocarnitine Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Levodopa and Carbidopa ]]
| |
| *[[Levofloxacin Injection ]]
| |
| *Levy-Yeboa Syndrome
| |
| *[[Lincomycin]]
| |
| *[[Linezolid]]
| |
| *[[Liothyronine sodium]]
| |
| *[[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]
| |
| *[[Lisinopril ]]
| |
| *[[Listeriosis]]
| |
| *[[Lithium]]
| |
| *[[Lomefloxacin ]]
| |
| *[[Lopinavir]]
| |
| *[[Loracarbef ]]
| |
| *[[Loratadine ]]
| |
| *[[Lorazepam ]]
| |
| *[[Loxapine Oral ]]
| |
| *[[Lycorine]]
| |
| *[[Lymphangiectasis]]
| |
| *[[Lymphocytic colitis]]
| |
| *[[Lymphogranuloma venereum]]
| |
| *[[Magnesium Hydroxide ]]
| |
| *[[Malabsorption syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Malaria]]
| |
| *[[Malassimilation]]
| |
| *[[Malonic aciduria]]
| |
| *[[Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Marburg virus]]
| |
| *[[Marine toxins]]
| |
| *[[Mazindol]]
| |
| *[[Measles]]
| |
| *[[Mebendazole ]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Mechlorethamine ]]
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| *[[Meckel diverticulitis]]
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| *[[Meclofenamate ]]
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| *[[Mefenamic acid]]
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| *[[Mefloquine ]]
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| *[[Megaloblastic anemia]]
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| *[[Megesterol]]
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| *[[Melarsoprol]]
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| *[[Meprobamate ]]
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| *[[Mercaptopurine ]]
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| *[[Mercury poisoning]]
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| *[[Meropenem]]
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| *[[Mesalazine]]
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| *[[Mesna ]]
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| *[[Mesoridazine Oral ]]
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| *[[Mesothelioma, adult malignant – peritoneal]]
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| *[[Metabolic disorders]]
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| *[[Metagonimiasis]]
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| *[[Metal fume fever]]
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| *[[Metformin]]
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| *[[Methenamine ]]
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| *[[Methotrexate toxicity]]
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| *[[Methoxychlor]]
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| *[[Methsuximide Oral ]]
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| *[[Methyclothiazide ]]
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| *[[Methylergonovine]]
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| *[[Methyprylon]]
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| *[[Metoclopramide Oral ]]
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| *[[Metolachlor]]
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| *[[Metolazone ]]
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| *[[Metoprolol]]
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| *[[Metronidazole]]
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| *[[Miconazole Injection ]]
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| *[[Mifepristone]]
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| *[[Miglitol]]
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| *[[Mineral oil]]
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| *[[Minocycline]]
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| *[[Misoprostol]]
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| *Mistletoe (Phoradendron serotinum)
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| *Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome
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| *[[Mitotane]]
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| *[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
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| *[[Moclobemide]]
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| *[[Modafinil ]]
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| *[[Moexipril ]]
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| *[[Moricizine ]]
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| *[[Morphine withdrawal]]
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| *[[Moxifloxacin]]
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| *[[Mucopolysaccharidosis]]
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| *[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]
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| *[[Muscarine]]
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| *[[Mycobacterium avium Complex]]
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| *[[Mycophenolate ]]
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| *[[Myleofibrosis]]
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| *[[Myocarditis]]
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| *[[Nabumetone ]]
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| *[[Nafcillin]]
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| *[[Nalidixic acid]]
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| *[[Naltrexone ]]
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| *[[Naphthalene]]
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| *[[Natalizumab injection ]]
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| *[[Natamycin]]
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| *[[Nateglinide oral ]]
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| *[[Necrotizing fasciitis]]
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| *[[Nelfinavir]]
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| *[[Neostigmine]]
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| *[[Netilmicin]]
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| *[[Neuroendocrine tumors]]
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| *[[Neurofibromatosis]]
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| *[[Neutropenia]]
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| *[[Nevirapine ]]
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| *[[Niclosamide]]
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| *[[Nicotine poisoning]]
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| *[[Nizatidine ]]
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| *[[Norfloxacin]]
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| *[[Norwalk gastroenteritis]]
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| *[[Norwalk Virus]]
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| *[[Nystatin]]
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| *Obal syndrome
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| *[[Ofloxacin oral ]]
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| *[[Ogilvie's syndrome]]
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| *[[Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome]]
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| *[[Oleander]]
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| *[[Omalizumab injection ]]
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| *[[Omenn syndrome]]
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| *[[Omeprazole ]]
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| *[[Ondansetron ]]
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| *[[Opioid withdrawal]]
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| *[[Opisthorchis infection]]
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| *[[Organophosphates]]
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| *[[Orlistat]]
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| *[[Oseltamivir ]]
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| *[[Oxaliplatin]]
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| *[[Oxazepam]]
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| *[[Oxcarbazepine ]]
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| *[[Oxtriphylline ]]
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| *[[Oxybutynin ]]
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| *[[Oxyphenisatine]]
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| *[[Palivizumab injection ]]
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| *Pancreatic adenoma
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| *[[Pancrelipase ]]
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| *[[Pantoprazole ]]
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| *[[Paragonimus Infection]]
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| *[[Paraquat]]
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| *[[Parathion]]
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| *[[Pegaspargase ]]
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| *[[Peginterferon alfa-2a ]]
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| *[[Peginterferon alfa-2b ]]
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| *[[Pellagra]]
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| *[[Pelvic abscess]]
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| *[[Pemetrexed injection ]]
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| *[[Pemoline ]]
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| *[[Penbutolol ]]
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| *[[Penicillin allergy]]
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| *[[Penicillium marneffei]]
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| *[[Pentamidine]]
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| *[[Pentostatin ]]
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| *[[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy]]
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| *[[Pergolide ]]
| |
| *[[Perindopril ]]
| |
| *[[Periodic hyperlysinemia]]
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| *[[Pernicious anemia]]
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| *[[Perphenazine oral ]]
| |
| *[[Persin]]
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| *[[Phenolphthalein]]
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| *[[Phentermine ]]
| |
| *[[Phentolamine]]
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| *[[Phycomycosis]]
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| *[[Phytohaemagglutinin]]
| |
| *[[Pilocarpine]]
| |
| *[[Pimecrolimus topical ]]
| |
| *[[Pimozide ]]
| |
| *[[Piroxicam ]]
| |
| *[[Plicamycin ]]
| |
| *Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis
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| *[[POEMS syndrome]]
| |
| *Phytolacca Americana
| |
| *Pollen allergy
| |
| *[[Porphyria]]
| |
| *[[Portal vein thrombosis]]
| |
| *[[Posaconazole ]]
| |
| *Postgastrectomy syndrome
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| *Solanum tuberosum
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| *Powell-Buist-Stenzel syndrome
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| *[[Pramipexole ]]
| |
| *[[Pramlintide injection ]]
| |
| *[[Prazepam ]]
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| *[[Praziquantel]]
| |
| *[[Prazosin and polythiazide ]]
| |
| *[[Procainamide ]]
| |
| *[[Procarbazine ]]
| |
| *[[Proctitis]]
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| *[[Promethazine ]]
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| *[[Propafenone ]]
| |
| *[[Propranolol Oral ]]
| |
| *[[Protein losing enteropathy]]
| |
| *[[Protriptyline ]]
| |
| *[[Pseudoephedrine and triprolidine ]]
| |
| *[[Pseudomembranous colitis]]
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| *[[Psittacosis]]
| |
| *Ptomaine food poisoning
| |
| *[[Pyridostigmine ]]
| |
| *[[Q fever]]
| |
| *[[Quinapril ]]
| |
| *[[Quinidine Oral ]]
| |
| *[[Quinupristin/dalfopristin]]
| |
| *[[Rabeprazole ]]
| |
| *[[Radiation sickness]]
| |
| *[[Raltitrexed]]
| |
| *Rambaud-Galian syndrome
| |
| *[[Ramipril ]]
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| *[[Ranitidine ]]
| |
| *[[Rasagiline ]]
| |
| *[[Rectal cancer]]
| |
| *[[Refsum disease, infantile form]]
| |
| *[[Repaglinide ]]
| |
| *[[Reserpine ]]
| |
| *[[Retapamulin ]]
| |
| *[[Rhabditida Infections]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
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| *[[Ribavirin ]]
| |
| *[[Ricin]]
| |
| *[[Rifampin ]]
| |
| *[[Rilmenidine]]
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| *[[Riluzole ]]
| |
| *[[Risedronate ]]
| |
| *[[Risperidone ]]
| |
| *[[Ritonavir ]]
| |
| *[[Rituximab injection ]]
| |
| *[[Rivastigmine ]]
| |
| *[[Rizatriptan ]]
| |
| *[[Roflumilast]]
| |
| *Rosary pea (Abrus precatorious)
| |
| *[[Rotavirus]]
| |
| *[[Roundworm]]
| |
| *Sakamoto disease
| |
| *[[Salmonella enteritidis]]
| |
| *[[Salmonellosis]]
| |
| *[[Salsalate ]]
| |
| *[[Sanfilippo syndrome]]
| |
| *Sapporo-like virus
| |
| *[[Saquinavir ]]
| |
| *[[Sarcocystis]]
| |
| *Sarcosporidiosis
| |
| *[[Sargramostim injection ]]
| |
| *[[Satoyoshi syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Schistosomiasis]]
| |
| *Sclerosing Mesenteritis
| |
| *[[Scombroid food poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Secernentea Infections]]
| |
| *[[Selegiline ]]
| |
| *[[Serotonin syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sevelamer ]]
| |
| *[[Shigellosis]]
| |
| *[[Short bowel syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Sildenafil ]]
| |
| *[[Simethicone]]
| |
| *[[Simvastatin]]
| |
| *[[Sirolimus ]]
| |
| *[[Sitagliptin ]]
| |
| *[[Slone's Disease]]
| |
| *[[Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Small bowel lymphoma]]
| |
| *Smoking stools syndrome
| |
| *[[Sodium oxybate ]]
| |
| *[[Sodium picosulfate]]
| |
| *[[Sodium polystyrene sulfonate ]]
| |
| *[[Solanine]]
| |
| *[[Solifenacin ]]
| |
| *[[Somatostatinoma]]
| |
| *[[Sorafenib ]]
| |
| *[[Sorbitol]]
| |
| *[[Sotalol ]]
| |
| *[[Sparfloxacin ]]
| |
| *Spencer disease
| |
| *[[Sphingolipidosis]]
| |
| *Spira syndrome
| |
| *[[Spironolactone ]]
| |
| *[[Spirurida Infections]]
| |
| *Spleen Cancer
| |
| *[[Sprue]]
| |
| *[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
| |
| *[[Staphylococcal food poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Stavudine ]]
| |
| *[[Streptobacillus]]
| |
| *[[Streptococcal Infections]]
| |
| *[[Streptococcus suis]]
| |
| *[[Streptozocin ]]
| |
| *[[Strongyloides]]
| |
| *Subacute thyroiditis
| |
| *[[Sucrase-isomaltase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Sucrose intolerance]]
| |
| *[[Sulfadiazine ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfasalazine ]]
| |
| *[[Sulfisoxazole ]]
| |
| *[[Sulindac ]]
| |
| *[[Sumatriptan]]
| |
| *[[Sunitinib]]
| |
| *Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
| |
| *[[Tacrine ]]
| |
| *[[Tamsulosin ]]
| |
| *[[Tapeworms]]
| |
| *[[TASB (psychedelics)]]
| |
| *[[Tegafur]]
| |
| *[[Tegaserod ]]
| |
| *[[Telbivudine ]]
| |
| *[[Telithromycin ]]
| |
| *[[Telmisartan ]]
| |
| *[[Temozolomide ]]
| |
| *[[Teniposide ]]
| |
| *[[Tenofovir ]]
| |
| *[[Terbinafine ]]
| |
| *[[Teriparatide (rDNA origin) Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Tetrodotoxin]]
| |
| *[[Thallium]]
| |
| *[[Theophylline ]]
| |
| *[[Thiabendazole]]
| |
| *[[Thioguanine ]]
| |
| *[[Thioridazine ]]
| |
| *[[Thiothixene Oral ]]
| |
| *[[Thyroid Carcinoma]]
| |
| *[[Thyroid Medication ]]
| |
| *[[Ticlopidine ]]
| |
| *[[Tiludronate ]]
| |
| *[[Tipranavir ]]
| |
| *[[Tocopherol]]
| |
| *[[Tolcapone ]]
| |
| *[[Topiramate]]
| |
| *[[Topotecan]]
| |
| *[[Toxocara]]
| |
| *[[Toxoplasmosis]]
| |
| *[[Tranexamic acid]]
| |
| *[[Tranylcypromine ]]
| |
| *[[Trastuzumab ]]
| |
| *[[Traveler's diarrhea]]
| |
| *[[Trazodone ]]
| |
| *[[Trematoda]]
| |
| *[[Treprostinil]]
| |
| *[[Triamterene ]]
| |
| *[[Triazolam ]]
| |
| *[[Trichinella spiralis]]
| |
| *[[Trichinosis]]
| |
| *[[Trichuriasis]]
| |
| *[[Trifluoperazine Oral ]]
| |
| *[[Trihexyphenidyl ]]
| |
| *[[Trimeprazine ]]
| |
| *[[Trimethadione ]]
| |
| *[[Trimethobenzamide ]]
| |
| *[[Trimetrexate Glucuronate ]]
| |
| *[[Trimipramine ]]
| |
| *[[Trovafloxacin ]]
| |
| *[[Tularemia]]
| |
| *[[Turcot syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Typhoid fever]]
| |
| *[[Ulcerative colitis]]
| |
| *[[Urofollitropin]]
| |
| *[[Ursodeoxycholic acid]]
| |
| *[[Valacyclovir ]]
| |
| *[[Valganciclovir ]]
| |
| *[[Valinemia]]
| |
| *[[Valproic Acid ]]
| |
| *[[Valsartan ]]
| |
| *[[Vanadium]]
| |
| *[[Vasculitis hypersensitivity]]
| |
| *[[Verapamil and Trandolapril ]]
| |
| *[[Vibrio cholerae]]
| |
| *[[Vibrio mimicus food poisoning]]
| |
| *[[Vibrio parahemolyticus]]
| |
| *[[Vibrio vulnificus]]
| |
| *[[Vinblastine ]]
| |
| *[[Vinorelbine Tartrate ]]
| |
| *[[Vipoma]]
| |
| *[[Visceral leishmaniasis]]
| |
| *[[Vitamin C toxicity]]
| |
| *[[Vitamin D]]
| |
| *[[Voriconazole ]]
| |
| *[[Vorinostat ]]
| |
| *Waldmann disease
| |
| *Water hemlock (Cicuta sp.)
| |
| *Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome
| |
| *Water-skier colon
| |
| *Weil's syndrome
| |
| *[[West Nile fever]]
| |
| *Wheat intolerance
| |
| *[[Whipple's disease]]
| |
| *[[Whipworm Infection]]
| |
| *[[Yersinia enterocolitica]]
| |
| *[[Zanamivir Inhalation ]]
| |
| *[[Zidovudine Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Zinc deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Ziprasidone ]]
| |
| *[[Zoledronic Acid Injection ]]
| |
| *[[Zollinger-Ellison syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Zolmitriptan Oral ]]
| |
| *[[Zolpidem ]]
| |
| {{EndMultiCol}}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Infectious diarrhea== | | ==Infectious diarrhea== |
For patient information click here
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2] M.Umer Tariq [3]
Synonyms and keywords: Diarrhoea; loose stools
Causes
Infectious diarrhea
Infectious diarrhea is diarrhea cased by a microbe such as a bacterium, parasite, or virus.
Malabsorption
These tend to be more severe medical illnesses.
Malabsorption is the inability to absorb food, mostly in the small bowel but also due to the pancreas.
Causes include celiac disease (intolerance to gluten, a wheat product), lactose intolerance (Intolerance to milk sugar, common in non-Europeans), fructose malabsorption, pernicious anemia (impaired bowel function due to the inability to absorb vitamin B12), loss of pancreatic secretions (may be due to cystic fibrosis or pancreatitis), short bowel syndrome (surgically removed bowel), radiation fibrosis (usually following cancer treatment), and other drugs such as chemotherapy.
Inflammatory bowel disease
The two overlapping types here are of unknown origin:
- Ulcerative colitis is marked by chronic bloody diarrhea and inflammation mostly affects the distal colon near the rectum.
- Crohn's disease typically affects fairly well demarcated segments of bowel in the colon and often affects the end of the small bowel.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Another possible cause of diarrhea is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Symptoms defining IBS: abdominal discomfort or pain relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation or both) or stool frequency, for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months.[1] IBS symptoms can be present in patients with a variety of conditions including food allergies, infective diarrhea, celiac, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Treating the underlying condition (celiac disease, food allergy, bacterial dysbiosis, etc.) usually resolves the diarrhea.[2] IBS can cause visceral hypersensitivity. While there is no direct treatment for undifferentiated IBS, symptoms, including diarrhea, can sometimes be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications.
Other important causes
- Ischemic bowel disease. This usually affects older people and can be due to blocked arteries.
- Bowel cancer: Some (but not all) bowel cancers may have associated diarrhea. Cancer of the large intestine is most common.
- Hormone-secreting tumors: some hormones (e.g. serotonin) can cause diarrhea if excreted in excess (usually from a tumor).
- Bile salt diarrhea: excess bile salt entering the colon rather than being absorbed at the end of the small intestine can cause diarrhea, typically shortly after eating. Bile salt diarrhea is a possible side-effect of gallbladder removal. It is usually treated with cholestyramine, a bile acid sequestrant.
Alcohol
Chronic diarrhea can be caused by chronic ethanol ingestion.[3] Consumption of alcohol affects the body's capability to absorb water - this is often a symptom that accompanies a hangover after a heavy drinking session. The alcohol itself is absorbed in the intestines and as the intestinal cells absorb it, the toxicity causes these cells to lose their ability to absorb water. This leads to an outpouring of fluid from the intestinal lining, which is in turn poorly absorbed. The diarrhea usually lasts for several hours until the alcohol is detoxified and removed from the digestive system. Symptoms range from person to person and are influenced by both the amount consumed as well as physiological differences. Alcohol-induced diarrhea is often accompanied by "the follow through" where a feeling that the patient is going to break wind (flatulence) instead becomes an uncontrolled episode of diarrhea.
Risk Factors
- Antibiotic use
- High-risk sexual behavior (STDs)
- Immunosuppression
- Recent travel to endemic area
History and Symptoms
- History should include:
- Appearance of bowel movements
- Travel history
- Associated symptoms
- Immune status
- Woodland exposure
Physical Examination
- Pulses
- Blood pressure
- Orthostatics
- Skin examination
- Signs of dehydration
- Back, genital and rectal examinations
- Complete abdominal examination
Laboratory Findings
MRI and CT
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
- Fluid resuscitation (oral, if not IV)
- Patients should be advised to do the following until symptoms subside:
- Hydrate with liquids that are caffeine free and contain glucose
- Avoid lactose
- Chew gum that is free of sorbitol
- Eat raw fruit
- For patients with lactose intolerance, a lactose-free diet is advised
- For patients with malabsorption diseases, a gluten free diet is advised
- Consultation with oncology, surgery and/or gastroenterology may be required for intestinal neoplasm
- Control blood sugar (diabetic neuropathy)
Pharmacotherapy
Acute Pharmacotherapies
- Antibiotics (malabsorption diseases)
- Anticholinergics (IBS)
- Antimolality agents
- Antibiotic therapy (severe disease)
- Metoclopramide (diabetic neuropathy)
- Nonspecific antidiarrheal agents
Chronic Pharmacotherapies
- Prophylactic therapy with 5-aminosalicylic agents for patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Surgery and Device Based Therapy
- Bowel resection may be necessary for those patients with inflammatory bowel disease
References
- ↑ Longstreth GL, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, and Spiller RC. (2006). Functional Bowel Disorders. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1480–1491
- ↑ Wangen, S. "The Irritable Bowel Syndrome Solution". page 113. 2006; Innate Health Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9768537-8-7. Excerpted with the author's permission at http://www.IBSTreatmentCenter.com
- ↑ Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.
See also
External links
Additional Resources
- Abubakar I, Aliyu SH, Arumugam C, Usman NK, Hunter PR. Treatment of cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Apr 2007;63(4):387-93.
- Bellemare S, Hartling L, Wiebe N, et al. Oral rehydration versus intravenous therapy for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Med. Apr 15 2004;2:11.
- Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR, et al. Risk factors for fecal incontinence: A population-based study in women. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1305-12.
- Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE,. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet. Mar 26-Apr 1 2005;365(9465):1147-52.
- Charles MD, Holman RC, Curns AT, et al. Hospitalizations associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis in the United States, 1993-2002. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jun 2006;25(6):489-93.
- Chassany O, Michaux A, Bergmann JF. Drug-induced diarrhoea. Drug Saf 2000;22:53-72.
- Claessens AA, Heerdink ER, van Eijk JT, et al. Characteristics of diarrhea in 10,008 users of lansoprazole in daily practice: Which co-factors contribute? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2002;11:703-8.
- Coffin SE, Elser J, Marchant C, et al. Impact of acute rotavirus gastroenteritis on pediatric outpatient practices in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jul 2006;25(7):584-9.
- De Wit MA, Koopmans MP, Korbeek LM, et al. Sensor, a population-based cohort study on gastroenteritis in the Netherlands: Incidence and etiology. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:666-74.
- Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, et al. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: Cohort and case-control studies. CMAJ 2004;171:33-8.
- Dial S, Delaney JA, Barkun AN, et al. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents and the risk of community-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated disease. JAMA 2005;294:2989-95.
- Durk T, Panther E, Muller T, et al. 5-hydroxytryptamine modulates cytokine and chemokine production in LPS primed human monocytes via stimulation of different 5-HTR subtypes. Int Immunol 2005;17:500-606.
- Faruque ASG, Malek MA, Khan AI, et al. Diarrhoea in elderly people: Aetiology and clinical characteristics. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36:204-8.
- Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve M, Espinos JC, et al. Drug consumption and the risk of microscopic colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:324-30.
- Gangarosa RE, Glass RI, Lew JF, et al. Hospitalizations involving gastroenteritis in the United States, 1985: The special burden of the disease among the elderly. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:281-90.
- Girard MP, Steele D, Chaignat CL, Kieny MP. A review of vaccine research and development: human enteric infections. Vaccine. Apr 5 2006;24(15):2732-50.
- Gorard DA, Libby GW, Farthing MJG. 5-hydroxytryptamine and human small intestinal motility: Effect of inhibiting 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake. Gut 1994; 35:496-500.
- Guandalini S, Dincer AP. Nutritional management in diarrhoeal disease. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol. Dec 1998;12(4):697-717.
- Guandalini S, Kahn S. Acute diarrhea. In: Walker A, Goulet O, Kleinman J, et al eds. Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease. Vol 1. Ontario, Canada: Brian C. Decker; 2008:252-64/Chapter 15.
- Guandalini S. Probiotics for children with diarrhea: an update. J Clin Gastroenterol. Jul 2008;42 Suppl 2:S53-7.
- Guandalini S. Treatment of acute diarrhea in the new millennium. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. May 2000;30(5):486-9.
- Guarino A, Albano F, Ashkenazi S, et al. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: executive summary. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. May 2008;46(5):619-21.
- Herikstad H, Yang S, Van Gilder TJ, et al. A population-based estimate of the burden of diarrhoeal illness in the United States: FoodNet, 1996-7. Epidemiol Infect 2002;129:9-17.
- Holt PR. Diarrhoea and malabsorption in the elderly. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2001;30:427-44.
- Katz S, Downs TD, Cash HR, et al. Progress in the development of an index of ADL. Gerontologist 1970;10:20-30.
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