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'''Compliance''' (or '''Adherence''') in a medical context refers to a [[patient]] both agreeing to and then undergoing some part of their treatment program as advised by their doctor or other healthcare worker. Most commonly it is whether a patient takes their medication ('''Drug compliance'''), but may also apply to use of surgical appliances (e.g. compression stockings), [[chronic wound]] care, self-directed physiotherapy exercises, or attending for a course of therapy (e.g. counselling).
'''Compliance''' (or '''Adherence''') in a medical context refers to a [[patient]] both agreeing to and then undergoing some part of their treatment program as advised by their doctor or other healthcare worker. Most commonly it is whether a patient takes their medication ('''Drug compliance'''), but may also apply to use of surgical appliances (e.g. compression stockings), [[chronic wound]] care, self-directed physiotherapy exercises, or attending for a course of therapy (e.g. counselling).


A patient may or may not accurately report back to their healthcare workers whether they have been compliant because of possible embarrassment, fear of being chastised or for seeming to be ungrateful for their doctor's care.
It has been estimated that in developed countries only 50% of patients who suffer from chronic diseases adhere to treatment recommendations.<ref name="WHOreport"> Sabaté, E. (ed.): "Adherence to Long term Therapies: Evidence for Action". ''[[World Health Organization]]''. Geneva, 2003. 212 pp. ISBN 92-4-154599-2. [http://www.who.int/chronic_conditions/adherencereport/en/ Report] 2003</ref>  Compliance rates during closely monitored research studies are usually far higher than in later real-world situations (e.g. up to 97% compliance in some studies on [[statin]]s, but only about 50% of patients continue at six months).<ref name="BandolierStatins2004"> "Patient Compliance with statins" ''[[Bandolier (journal)|Bandolier]] [http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/cardiac/patcomp.html Review] 2004</ref>


One third of patients with hypertension resitant to triple therapy may be noncompliant<ref name="pmid31995406">{{cite journal| author=Hamdidouche I, Gosse P, Cremer A, Lorthioir A, Delsart P, Courand PY | display-authors=etal| title=Clinic Versus Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Resistant Hypertension: Impact of Antihypertensive Medication Nonadherence: A Post Hoc Analysis the DENERHTN Study. | journal=Hypertension | year= 2019 | volume= 74 | issue= 5 | pages= 1096-1103 | pmid=31995406 | doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13520 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31995406  }} </ref>.
Nonadherence may affect the patient's own immediate health or have implications for the wider society (e.g. failure to prevent complications from chronic diseases, formation of resistant infections or untreated psychiatric illness).
==Terminology==
It has been estimated that half of those for whom medicines are prescribed do not take them in the recommended way. Until recently this was termed "non-compliance", which was sometimes regarded as a manifestation of irrational behavior or willful failure to observe instructions, although forgetfulness is probably a more common reason. But today, health care professionals prefer to talk about "'''adherence'''" to a regimen rather than "'''compliance'''". The word “adherence” may be preferred by many health care providers, because “compliance” suggests that the patient is passively following the doctor’s orders and that the treatment plan is not based on a therapeutic alliance or contract established between the patient and the physician. According to some, both terms are imperfect and uninformative descriptions of medication-taking behavior.<ref name="pmid16079372">{{cite journal| author=Osterberg L, Blaschke T| title=Adherence to medication. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 353 | issue= 5 | pages= 487-97 | pmid=16079372 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra050100 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16079372  }} </ref>
==Causes==
Causes for poor compliance include:<ref name="BNF">''[[British National Formulary]]''. ''45'' March 2003.</ref>
Causes for poor compliance include:<ref name="BNF">''[[British National Formulary]]''. ''45'' March 2003.</ref>
*Forgetfulness
*Forgetfulness
Line 12: Line 20:
*Physical difficulty in complying (e.g. with opening medicine containers, handling small tablets or swallowing difficulties, travel to place of treatment)
*Physical difficulty in complying (e.g. with opening medicine containers, handling small tablets or swallowing difficulties, travel to place of treatment)
*Unattractive formulation (e.g. unpleasant taste)
*Unattractive formulation (e.g. unpleasant taste)
*Complicated regimen  
* Complicated regimen
** Dose frequency<ref name="pmid25996397">{{cite journal| author=| title=Reorganized text. | journal=JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2015 | volume= 141 | issue= 5 | pages= 428 | pmid=25996397 | doi=10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25996397  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22971206">{{cite journal| author=Coleman CI, Limone B, Sobieraj DM, Lee S, Roberts MS, Kaur R | display-authors=etal| title=Dosing frequency and medication adherence in chronic disease. | journal=J Manag Care Pharm | year= 2012 | volume= 18 | issue= 7 | pages= 527-39 | pmid=22971206 | doi=10.18553/jmcp.2012.18.7.527 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22971206  }} </ref>. The following are a set of estimates of proportion of days compliant<ref name="pmid25996397"/>:
*** Once daily 84%
*** Twice daily 75%
*** Three times daily 59%
*Cost of drugs
*Cost of drugs


==Adherence==
==Detection==
It has been estimated that half of those for whom medicines are prescribed do not take them in the recommended way. Until recently this was termed "non-compliance", which was sometimes regarded as a manifestation of irrational behavior or willful failure to observe instructions, although forgetfulness is probably a more common reason. But today, health care professionals prefer to talk about "'''adherence'''" to a regimen rather than "'''compliance'''".
Non-adherence can be detected by validated questionnaires and by assessing refill records<ref name="pmid30561486">{{cite journal| author=Kini V, Ho PM| title=Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence: A Review. | journal=JAMA | year= 2018 | volume= 320 | issue= 23 | pages= 2461-2473 | pmid=30561486 | doi=10.1001/jama.2018.19271 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30561486  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28306634">{{cite journal| author=Hamdidouche I, Jullien V, Boutouyrie P, Billaud E, Azizi M, Laurent S| title=Drug adherence in hypertension: from methodological issues to cardiovascular outcomes. | journal=J Hypertens | year= 2017 | volume= 35 | issue= 6 | pages= 1133-1144 | pmid=28306634 | doi=10.1097/HJH.0000000000001299 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28306634  }} </ref>.
 
Medication levels may be needed<ref name="pmid31995406">{{cite journal| author=Hamdidouche I, Gosse P, Cremer A, Lorthioir A, Delsart P, Courand PY | display-authors=etal| title=Clinic Versus Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Resistant Hypertension: Impact of Antihypertensive Medication Nonadherence: A Post Hoc Analysis the DENERHTN Study. | journal=Hypertension | year= 2019 | volume= 74 | issue= 5 | pages= 1096-1103 | pmid=31995406 | doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13520 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31995406  }} </ref>.


There have been many studies of the effects of different strategies in improving adherence to therapy. These include reducing the frequency of administration during the day and reducing the numbers of medicines the patient has to take. However, evidence that such measures are effective is lacking.  
In hypertension, patients with non-compliance may have a higher white coat effect<ref name="pmid31995406">{{cite journal| author=Hamdidouche I, Gosse P, Cremer A, Lorthioir A, Delsart P, Courand PY | display-authors=etal| title=Clinic Versus Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Resistant Hypertension: Impact of Antihypertensive Medication Nonadherence: A Post Hoc Analysis the DENERHTN Study. | journal=Hypertension | year= 2019 | volume= 74 | issue= 5 | pages= 1096-1103 | pmid=31995406 | doi=10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13520 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31995406  }} </ref>.


Nevertheless, it seems likely that adherence can be improved by taking care to explain the benefits and adverse effects of a drug; in a busy clinic it is all too easy for the prescriber to issue a prescription with little or no explanation. Reducing the frequency of administration to once, or, at most, twice a day also makes sense, despite lack of convincing evidence that this is effective.
===Assessment of refill records===
When refill records are accessible, many metrics can be calculated. The two most common are<ref name="pmid23774515">{{cite journal| author=Raebel MA, Schmittdiel J, Karter AJ, Konieczny JL, Steiner JF| title=Standardizing terminology and definitions of medication adherence and persistence in research employing electronic databases. | journal=Med Care | year= 2013 | volume= 51 | issue= 8 Suppl 3 | pages= S11-21 | pmid=23774515 | doi=10.1097/MLR.0b013e31829b1d2a | pmc=3727405 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23774515  }} </ref>:
* Medication Possession Ratio (MPR): "the sum of the days’ supply for all fills of a given drug in a time period divided by the number of days in the time period"<ref name="pmid23774515"/>
* Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) is the same as the MPR but adjusts for days with double coverage of medications due to early refills<ref name="pmid23774515"/>.
** The PDC is recommended by Medicare<ref>: Adherence to Antipsychotic Medications For Individuals with Schizophrenia. Available at https://qpp.cms.gov/docs/QPP_quality_measure_specifications/CQM-Measures/2019_Measure_383_MIPSCQM.pdf</ref>the National Quality Forum (NQF)<ref>Adherence to Chronic Medications. Available at http://www.qualityforum.org/QPS/0542e</ref>


==Drug compliance==
It has been estimated that in developed countries only 50% of patients who suffer from chronic diseases adhere to treatment recommendations.<ref name="WHOreport"> Sabaté, E. (ed.): "Adherence to Long term Therapies: Evidence for Action". ''[[World Health Organization]]''. Geneva, 2003. 212 pp. ISBN 92-4-154599-2. [http://www.who.int/chronic_conditions/adherencereport/en/ Report] 2003</ref> This may affect the patient's own immediate health or have implications for the wider society (e.g. failure to prevent complications from chronic diseases, formation of resistant infections or untreated psychiatric illness). There are also important implications when assessing  reports from research into treatment efficacy rates, given that compliance rates during closely monitored studies are usually far higher than in later real-world situations (e.g. up to 97% compliance in some studies on [[statin]]s, but only about 50% of patients continue at six months).<ref name="BandolierStatins2004"> "Patient Compliance with statins" ''[[Bandolier (journal)|Bandolier]] [http://www.jr2.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/cardiac/patcomp.html Review] 2004</ref>
Special attention should be paid to the fact that the word “adherence” is preferred by many health care providers, because “compliance” suggests that the patient is passively following the doctor’s orders and that the treatment plan is not based on a therapeutic alliance or contract established between the patient and the physician. According to some, both terms are imperfect and uninformative descriptions of medication-taking behavior.<ref>L. Osterberg and T. Blaschke, <u>Adherence to Medication<u>, [[N Engl J Med]], '''2005'''(''353''):487-97.</ref>


===Prescription collection and dispensing===
Providing refill information to health care providers can reduce clinical inertia and improve the quality of prescribing<ref name="pmid27255750">{{cite journal| author=Kronish IM, Moise N, McGinn T, Quan Y, Chaplin W, Gallagher BD | display-authors=etal| title=An Electronic Adherence Measurement Intervention to Reduce Clinical Inertia in the Treatment of Uncontrolled Hypertension: The MATCH Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. | journal=J Gen Intern Med | year= 2016 | volume= 31 | issue= 11 | pages= 1294-1300 | pmid=27255750 | doi=10.1007/s11606-016-3757-4 | pmc=5071278 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27255750  }} </ref>.
In the past there was an expectation, by both doctors and patients, that the end of consultation should be marked by prescribing some form of medication to treat the problem. However many patients merely seek reassurance as to the nature of their symptoms, rather than necessarily wishing to commence a course of treatment. It has been estimated that up to a third of prescriptions written by [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[General practitioner|GP]]s are not later presented to a pharmacist for dispensing. Likewise a similar fraction of all medication dispensed is not taken in accordance with the prescribing instructions.


Failure to present a prescription for dispensing may reflect forgetfulness by a patient, or belief that reassurance or some other self-care measures rather than medication was required. Alternatively a patient may believe that their condition does not yet warrant starting treatment but that they now have a prescription ready should the problem either deteriorate or fail to resolve spontaneously. This last point is particularly important for those unable to return to their doctor should their condition change; whether through difficulty taking time off from work to revisit their doctor, it being just prior to a weekend when their doctor's surgery may be closed, or prior to undertaking long journeys away from home.
===Questionnaire===
Available surveys include<ref name="pmid26622919">{{cite journal| author=Stirratt MJ, Dunbar-Jacob J, Crane HM, Simoni JM, Czajkowski S, Hilliard ME | display-authors=etal| title=Self-report measures of medication adherence behavior: recommendations on optimal use. | journal=Transl Behav Med | year= 2015 | volume= 5 | issue= 4 | pages= 470-82 | pmid=26622919 | doi=10.1007/s13142-015-0315-2 | pmc=4656225 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26622919  }} </ref>:
* MMAS-4 (4 items). Copyrights have been reported contested for the MMAS-4<ref>Available at https://irb.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/2018-11-06%20v2%20Notice%20to%20Investigators%20re%20MMAS.pdf</ref>
* Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, derived from MMAS-4 (8 items)<ref name="pmid18453793">{{cite journal| author=Morisky DE, Ang A, Krousel-Wood M, Ward HJ| title=Predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting. | journal=J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) | year= 2008 | volume= 10 | issue= 5 | pages= 348-54 | pmid=18453793 | doi=10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.07572.x | pmc=2562622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18453793  }} </ref>
* Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BRS)<ref name="pmid18255269">{{cite journal| author=Byerly MJ, Nakonezny PA, Rush AJ| title=The Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) validated against electronic monitoring in assessing the antipsychotic medication adherence of outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. | journal=Schizophr Res | year= 2008 | volume= 100 | issue= 1-3 | pages= 60-9 | pmid=18255269 | doi=10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.470 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18255269  }} </ref>
* The Adherence Estimator (3 items) developed by [https://www.merck.com/ Merck]<ref name="pmid19210154">{{cite journal| author=McHorney CA| title=The Adherence Estimator: a brief, proximal screener for patient propensity to adhere to prescription medications for chronic disease. | journal=Curr Med Res Opin | year= 2009 | volume= 25 | issue= 1 | pages= 215-38 | pmid=19210154 | doi=10.1185/03007990802619425  | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19210154  }} </ref><ref name="pmid20110004">{{cite journal| author=McHorney CA, Victor Spain C, Alexander CM, Simmons J| title=Validity of the adherence estimator in the prediction of 9-month persistence with medications prescribed for chronic diseases: a prospective analysis of data from pharmacy claims. | journal=Clin Ther | year= 2009 | volume= 31 | issue= 11 | pages= 2584-607 | pmid=20110004 | doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.11.030 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20110004  }} </ref> Sensitivity was 88% if medium or high risk scores were combined and interpreted as abnormal.<ref name="pmid19210154"/>
** https://www.adherenceestimator.com/
** https://www.ehidc.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/Adherence%20Estimator%20Kit_%20Interactive%20PDF.pdf


For conditions such as [[otitis media|earache]] or [[pharyngitis|sore throat]] that [[Evidence based medicine]] suggests do not automatically require a course of [[antibiotic]]s, it is becoming increasingly common for doctors to issue ''deferred'' prescriptions. These are intentionally not to be dispensed for a specified period of time unless the patient feels that spontaneous recovery is not occurring. It has been estimated that only about a third of deferred prescriptions are made use of, and this provides a useful means of reducing unnecessary antibiotic prescribing without antagonising patients in the western world who through cultural, the wider media and past medical practices may have unrealistic expectations on the value of antibiotics for minor common illness.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Questions for assessing medication adherence<ref name="pmid21181252">{{cite journal| author=Berg KM, Wilson IB, Li X, Arnsten JH| title=Comparison of antiretroviral adherence questions. | journal=AIDS Behav | year= 2012 | volume= 16 | issue= 2 | pages= 461-8 | pmid=21181252 | doi=10.1007/s10461-010-9864-z | pmc=3690952 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21181252  }} </ref>
! Question
! Responses
! Correlation (r) with viral load<ref name="pmid21181252"/>
|-
| Thinking about the past 4 weeks, what percent of the time were you able to take all your medications as your doctor prescribed them?
| 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%.
| style="text-align: center;" | −0.352
|-
| Thinking about the past 4 weeks, how often did you take all your HIV antiretroviral medications as your doctor prescribed them?
| None of the time, a little of the time, a good bit of the time, most of the time, all of the time
| style="text-align: center;" | −0.321
|-
| Thinking about the past 4 weeks, on average, how would you rate your ability to take  all your medications as your doctor prescribed them?
| Very poor, poor, fair, good, very good, excellent
| style="text-align: center;" | −0.312
|-
| colspan = 3| Notes: When the first two questions, along with two additional questions are used, sensitivey and specificity for detecting a positive viral load among patients with HIV are about 50% and 70%, respectively.<ref name="pmid29121665">{{cite journal| author=Been SK, Yildiz E, Nieuwkerk PT, Pogány K, van de Vijver DAMC, Verbon A| title=Self-reported adherence and pharmacy refill adherence are both predictive for an undetectable viral load among HIV-infected migrants receiving cART. | journal=PLoS One | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 11 | pages= e0186912 | pmid=29121665 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0186912 | pmc=5679639 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29121665  }} </ref>
|}


===Course completion===
==Interventions==
Once started, patients often fail to adhere to the original prescribing instructions either over dosage frequency or completion of the course. Medication that must be taken several times a day causes practical difficulties for patients including remembering to take, having to carry around the medication with them, availability of water to help swallow tablets. If a course of treatment proves effective, then the imperative to continue with the effort of taking the medication in order to relieve symptoms is lost and many patients therefore stop at this point. This may result in only an incomplete cure being achieved with a risk of relapse or, in the case of treating infections, lead to the development of [[antibiotic resistance]]. Failure to comply with completion is more likely if the patient experiences troublesome side effects, has concerns for the long-term effects of their treatment, or if medication must be taken for a protracted period. This is a greater problem therefore with any long-term treatment particularly if the medication merely stabilises a condition rather than gives relief from symptoms. Furthermore there are wider implications to society if a patient fails to comply with treatment for a number of conditions:
Interventions to improve adherence have been reviewed<ref name="pmid30561486">{{cite journal| author=Kini V, Ho PM| title=Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence: A Review. | journal=JAMA | year= 2018 | volume= 320 | issue= 23 | pages= 2461-2473 | pmid=30561486 | doi=10.1001/jama.2018.19271 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30561486  }} </ref>.
*Communicable diseases such as [[tuberculosis]] or [[HIV]] present a risk to society should a patient fail to comply with treatment thus resulting in the development of resistant strains, that may prove incurable.
*Patients with some psychiatric illness, such as [[schizophrenia]] or [[bipolar disorder]], may feel entirely well whilst stabilised on medication, but are at risk of relapse should they discontinue.  
*Patients taking certain [[antihypertensive]] medications may experience severe [[high blood pressure]] if they discontinue the medication abruptly. This is known as [[rebound hypertension]].
*[[Corticosteroid]]s may require a gradual reduction in dose if taken long-term. If the medication is discontinued abruptly, the body does not have sufficient time to adjust, and the patient may develop [[adrenal insufficiency]] as a result.
* [[Anticonvulsant drug]]s can have unpleasant side effects, such as interfering with abstract thinking. For most people, this is not a serious problem, because most people do little abstract thinking. For some professionals—such as doctors, lawyers, and writers—this is a disabling condition that makes it impossible to work. In some cases, a patient will report that the drug makes him/her "feel stupid" and then stop taking it: typically, the patient subsequently will have seizures. There is one known case, on June 24, 1996, of a non-compliant epileptic's having a seizure behind the wheel of his car, causing a fatal [[head-on collision]] on the [[Golden Gate Bridge]], as reported in the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' for June 25, 1996. {{Fact|date=August 2007}}


==Concordance==
==Concordance==

Latest revision as of 17:58, 21 September 2021

Compliance (or Adherence) in a medical context refers to a patient both agreeing to and then undergoing some part of their treatment program as advised by their doctor or other healthcare worker. Most commonly it is whether a patient takes their medication (Drug compliance), but may also apply to use of surgical appliances (e.g. compression stockings), chronic wound care, self-directed physiotherapy exercises, or attending for a course of therapy (e.g. counselling).

It has been estimated that in developed countries only 50% of patients who suffer from chronic diseases adhere to treatment recommendations.[1] Compliance rates during closely monitored research studies are usually far higher than in later real-world situations (e.g. up to 97% compliance in some studies on statins, but only about 50% of patients continue at six months).[2]

One third of patients with hypertension resitant to triple therapy may be noncompliant[3].

Nonadherence may affect the patient's own immediate health or have implications for the wider society (e.g. failure to prevent complications from chronic diseases, formation of resistant infections or untreated psychiatric illness).

Terminology

It has been estimated that half of those for whom medicines are prescribed do not take them in the recommended way. Until recently this was termed "non-compliance", which was sometimes regarded as a manifestation of irrational behavior or willful failure to observe instructions, although forgetfulness is probably a more common reason. But today, health care professionals prefer to talk about "adherence" to a regimen rather than "compliance". The word “adherence” may be preferred by many health care providers, because “compliance” suggests that the patient is passively following the doctor’s orders and that the treatment plan is not based on a therapeutic alliance or contract established between the patient and the physician. According to some, both terms are imperfect and uninformative descriptions of medication-taking behavior.[4]

Causes

Causes for poor compliance include:[5]

  • Forgetfulness
  • Prescription not collected or not dispensed
  • Purpose of treatment not clear
  • Perceived lack of effect
  • Real or perceived side-effects
  • Instructions for administering not clear
  • Physical difficulty in complying (e.g. with opening medicine containers, handling small tablets or swallowing difficulties, travel to place of treatment)
  • Unattractive formulation (e.g. unpleasant taste)
  • Complicated regimen
    • Dose frequency[6][7]. The following are a set of estimates of proportion of days compliant[6]:
      • Once daily 84%
      • Twice daily 75%
      • Three times daily 59%
  • Cost of drugs

Detection

Non-adherence can be detected by validated questionnaires and by assessing refill records[8][9].

Medication levels may be needed[3].

In hypertension, patients with non-compliance may have a higher white coat effect[3].

Assessment of refill records

When refill records are accessible, many metrics can be calculated. The two most common are[10]:

  • Medication Possession Ratio (MPR): "the sum of the days’ supply for all fills of a given drug in a time period divided by the number of days in the time period"[10]
  • Proportion of Days Covered (PDC) is the same as the MPR but adjusts for days with double coverage of medications due to early refills[10].
    • The PDC is recommended by Medicare[11]the National Quality Forum (NQF)[12]


Providing refill information to health care providers can reduce clinical inertia and improve the quality of prescribing[13].

Questionnaire

Available surveys include[14]:

Questions for assessing medication adherence[20]
Question Responses Correlation (r) with viral load[20]
Thinking about the past 4 weeks, what percent of the time were you able to take all your medications as your doctor prescribed them? 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%. −0.352
Thinking about the past 4 weeks, how often did you take all your HIV antiretroviral medications as your doctor prescribed them? None of the time, a little of the time, a good bit of the time, most of the time, all of the time −0.321
Thinking about the past 4 weeks, on average, how would you rate your ability to take all your medications as your doctor prescribed them? Very poor, poor, fair, good, very good, excellent −0.312
Notes: When the first two questions, along with two additional questions are used, sensitivey and specificity for detecting a positive viral load among patients with HIV are about 50% and 70%, respectively.[21]

Interventions

Interventions to improve adherence have been reviewed[8].

Concordance

Concordance is an approach at involving the patient in the treatment process to improve compliance and is a current UK NHS initiative.[22] The patient, being informed about the condition and the various treatment options, is jointly involved in the decision as to which course of action to take and partially responsible for the monitoring and reporting back to others involved in their care. Compliance with treatment is improved by:

  • Only recommending treatments that are effective in circumstances when they are required
  • Selecting treatments with lower levels of side effect or concerns for long-term use
  • Prescribing the minimum number of different medications, e.g. prescribing for someone with two concurrent infections a single antibiotic that addresses the sensitivities of both likely bacteria, rather than two separate courses of antibiotics. However, this also raises the spectre of developing antibiotic resistant species in the wider scenario.
  • Simplifying dosage regimen, whether by selecting a different drug or using a sustained release preparations that need less frequent dosages during the day.[23]
  • Explanation of possible side effects and whether important to continue with the course of medication none-the-less.
  • Advice on minimising or otherwise coping with side effects, e.g. advice on whether to take a particular drug on an empty stomach or with food.
  • Developing trust between the patient and their doctor such that patients do not feel they will be embarrassed or seen as ungrateful if they are unable to take a particular drug, thus allowing a better tolerated alternative preparation to be tried.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sabaté, E. (ed.): "Adherence to Long term Therapies: Evidence for Action". World Health Organization. Geneva, 2003. 212 pp. ISBN 92-4-154599-2. Report 2003
  2. ↑ "Patient Compliance with statins" Bandolier Review 2004
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hamdidouche I, Gosse P, Cremer A, Lorthioir A, Delsart P, Courand PY; et al. (2019). "Clinic Versus Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Resistant Hypertension: Impact of Antihypertensive Medication Nonadherence: A Post Hoc Analysis the DENERHTN Study". Hypertension. 74 (5): 1096–1103. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13520. PMID 31995406.
  4. ↑ Osterberg L, Blaschke T (2005). "Adherence to medication". N Engl J Med. 353 (5): 487–97. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050100. PMID 16079372.
  5. ↑ British National Formulary. 45 March 2003.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Reorganized text". JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 141 (5): 428. 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2015.0540. PMID 25996397.
  7. ↑ Coleman CI, Limone B, Sobieraj DM, Lee S, Roberts MS, Kaur R; et al. (2012). "Dosing frequency and medication adherence in chronic disease". J Manag Care Pharm. 18 (7): 527–39. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2012.18.7.527. PMID 22971206.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kini V, Ho PM (2018). "Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence: A Review". JAMA. 320 (23): 2461–2473. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.19271. PMID 30561486.
  9. ↑ Hamdidouche I, Jullien V, Boutouyrie P, Billaud E, Azizi M, Laurent S (2017). "Drug adherence in hypertension: from methodological issues to cardiovascular outcomes". J Hypertens. 35 (6): 1133–1144. doi:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001299. PMID 28306634.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Raebel MA, Schmittdiel J, Karter AJ, Konieczny JL, Steiner JF (2013). "Standardizing terminology and definitions of medication adherence and persistence in research employing electronic databases". Med Care. 51 (8 Suppl 3): S11–21. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e31829b1d2a. PMC 3727405. PMID 23774515.
  11. ↑ : Adherence to Antipsychotic Medications For Individuals with Schizophrenia. Available at https://qpp.cms.gov/docs/QPP_quality_measure_specifications/CQM-Measures/2019_Measure_383_MIPSCQM.pdf
  12. ↑ Adherence to Chronic Medications. Available at http://www.qualityforum.org/QPS/0542e
  13. ↑ Kronish IM, Moise N, McGinn T, Quan Y, Chaplin W, Gallagher BD; et al. (2016). "An Electronic Adherence Measurement Intervention to Reduce Clinical Inertia in the Treatment of Uncontrolled Hypertension: The MATCH Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial". J Gen Intern Med. 31 (11): 1294–1300. doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3757-4. PMC 5071278. PMID 27255750.
  14. ↑ Stirratt MJ, Dunbar-Jacob J, Crane HM, Simoni JM, Czajkowski S, Hilliard ME; et al. (2015). "Self-report measures of medication adherence behavior: recommendations on optimal use". Transl Behav Med. 5 (4): 470–82. doi:10.1007/s13142-015-0315-2. PMC 4656225. PMID 26622919.
  15. ↑ Available at https://irb.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/2018-11-06%20v2%20Notice%20to%20Investigators%20re%20MMAS.pdf
  16. ↑ Morisky DE, Ang A, Krousel-Wood M, Ward HJ (2008). "Predictive validity of a medication adherence measure in an outpatient setting". J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 10 (5): 348–54. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2008.07572.x. PMC 2562622. PMID 18453793.
  17. ↑ Byerly MJ, Nakonezny PA, Rush AJ (2008). "The Brief Adherence Rating Scale (BARS) validated against electronic monitoring in assessing the antipsychotic medication adherence of outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder". Schizophr Res. 100 (1–3): 60–9. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.12.470. PMID 18255269.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 McHorney CA (2009). "The Adherence Estimator: a brief, proximal screener for patient propensity to adhere to prescription medications for chronic disease". Curr Med Res Opin. 25 (1): 215–38. doi:10.1185/03007990802619425. PMID 19210154.
  19. ↑ McHorney CA, Victor Spain C, Alexander CM, Simmons J (2009). "Validity of the adherence estimator in the prediction of 9-month persistence with medications prescribed for chronic diseases: a prospective analysis of data from pharmacy claims". Clin Ther. 31 (11): 2584–607. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.11.030. PMID 20110004.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Berg KM, Wilson IB, Li X, Arnsten JH (2012). "Comparison of antiretroviral adherence questions". AIDS Behav. 16 (2): 461–8. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9864-z. PMC 3690952. PMID 21181252.
  21. ↑ Been SK, Yildiz E, Nieuwkerk PT, Pogány K, van de Vijver DAMC, Verbon A (2017). "Self-reported adherence and pharmacy refill adherence are both predictive for an undetectable viral load among HIV-infected migrants receiving cART". PLoS One. 12 (11): e0186912. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186912. PMC 5679639. PMID 29121665.
  22. ↑ "Not to be taken as directed - Putting concordance for taking medicines into practice" BMJ. 2003;326:348-349 ( 15 February ) Editorial.
  23. ↑ "Dosing and compliance?" Bandolier 117 Nov 2003 Report (see Figure 1)

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