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==Overview==
==Overview==
==Historic Perspective==
The first case of documented Lassa fever was reported in 1969 following the death of 2 nurses in Lassa, Nigeria.
* Lassa fever is an acute viral illness that occurs in west Africa. The illness was discovered in 1969 when two missionary nurses died in Nigeria. The virus is named after the town in Nigeria where the first cases occurred. The virus, a member of the virus family [[Arenaviridae]], is a single-stranded RNA [[virus]] and is [[zoonotic]], or animal-borne.
==Historical Perspective==
* The illness was discovered in 1969 when two missionary [[nurse]]s died in Nigeria, West Africa. The cause of the illness was found to be Lassa virus, named after the town in Nigeria where the first cases originated. Early and aggressive treatment using [[Ribavirin]] was pioneered by [[Joseph B. McCormick|Joe McCormick]] in 1979.
* In 1955-1956, epidemics with clinical and epidemiological resemblance to Lassa fever were reported in Eastern Province and Sierra Leone.
* Lassa fever is endemic in parts of west Africa including Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea and Nigeria; however, other neighboring countries are also at risk, as the animal vector for Lassa virus, the "multimammate rat" (Mastomys natalensis) is distributed throughout the region. In 2009, the first case from Mali was reported in a traveler living in southern Mali; Ghana reported its first cases in late 2011. Isolated cases have also been reported in Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso and there is serologic evidence of Lassa virus infection in Togo and Benin.
* The first case of documented Lassa fever was reported in 1969 following the death of 2 nurses in Lassa, Nigeria.<ref name="pmid782738">{{cite journal| author=Monath TP| title=Lassa fever: review of epidemiology and epizootiology. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 1975 | volume= 52 | issue= 4-6 | pages= 577-92 | pmid=782738 | doi= | pmc=PMC2366662 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=782738  }} </ref> Prior to that, similar cases in West Africa were reported and thought to be caused by Lassa fever given the clinical and epidemiological resemblance of the presentation to Lassa fever.
* The number of Lassa virus infections per year in west Africa is estimated at 100,000 to 300,000, with approximately 5,000 deaths. Unfortunately, such estimates are crude, because surveillance for cases of the disease is not uniformly performed. In some areas of Sierra Leone and Liberia, it is known that 10%-16% of people admitted to hospitals every year have Lassa fever, which indicates the serious impact of the disease on the population of this region. <ref name=NCCN>{{cite web | title = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url =http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/lassa/transmission/index.html }}</ref>
 
* Administration of ribavirin for the treatment of Lassa fever was first introduced by [[Joseph B. McCormick|Joe McCormick]] in 1979.
* Lassa fever is uncommon outside West Africa. Only 6 patients with Lassa fever have historically been hospitalized in USA (all 6 patients had recently traveled to West Africa). The most recent case of Lassa fever in USA was reported in May 2015.<br>
 
{| style="border: 0px; margin: 5px;" width=800px
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Year of import'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''Clinical features'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''From'''}}
| align="center" style="background:#4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;"|{{fontcolor|#FFF|'''To'''}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"| 1969||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|[[Fever]], [[malaise]], [[headache]], [[nausea]], [[sore throat]], [[epigastric]]/right upper quadrant tenderness, [[pleural effusion]], facial/[[cervical edema]], [[dysphagia]], [[elevated transaminases]], [[cough]], [[dyspnea]], [[pulmonary infiltrates]], [[epiglottal edema]], [[lethargy]], [[nystagmus]], [[lightheadedness]], [[dizziness]] without [[vertigo]], [[ataxia]], [[alopecia]]||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Nigeria||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|New York
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"| 1975||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|[[Abdominal pain]], [[diarrhea]], [[fever]], [[headache]], [[myalgia]], [[arthralgia]], [[conjunctival injection]], [[lymphadenopathy]], weight loss, [[pleuritic chest pain]], [[pleural effusion]], unilateral [[deafness]]||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Sierra Leone||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Washington, DC
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"| 1976||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|[[Abdominal cramps]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[fatigue]], [[headache]], [[retroorbital pain]], [[neck]]/[[back pain]], [[paresthesias]], right [[ear pain]], [[fever]], [[vertigo]], [[syncope]], [[dysmorphopsias]], [[alopecia]], [[weight loss]], [[ecchymoses]], [[insomnia]], [[depression]], [[hypotension]], left-sided facial weakness, right-sided [[Babinski reflex]], [[Weber test]] lateralized to the left||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Sierra Leone||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Washington, DC
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"| 1989||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|Shaking chills, [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[myalgia]], [[headache]], [[dysphagia]], bloody [[diarrhea]], elevated [[transaminases]], [[hypotension]], [[adult respiratory distress syndrome]], [[death]]||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Nigeria||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Chicago, IL
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"| 2004||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|[[Chills]], [[fever]], [[sore throat]], [[diarrhea]], [[back pain]], [[adult respiratory distress syndrome]], [[death]]||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Sierra Leone and Liberia||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Trenton, New Jersy
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"| 2015||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #EBEBEB;"|[[Fever]], [[sore throat]], [[tiredness]], [[death]]||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|Liberia||style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F2F2F2;"|New Jersy
|}
<SMALL>Data from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, as of May 2015</SMALL>
<br>
[[Image:Lassa fever history.jpg|600 px]]<br>
<sup>A physician examining a patient with Lassa fever patient in West Africa in 1977. Image retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Lassa Fever History</sup><ref name="CDC PHIL Lassa History">{{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- Lassa fever history | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/details.asp}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 18:08, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [2]

Overview

The first case of documented Lassa fever was reported in 1969 following the death of 2 nurses in Lassa, Nigeria.

Historical Perspective

  • In 1955-1956, epidemics with clinical and epidemiological resemblance to Lassa fever were reported in Eastern Province and Sierra Leone.
  • The first case of documented Lassa fever was reported in 1969 following the death of 2 nurses in Lassa, Nigeria.[1] Prior to that, similar cases in West Africa were reported and thought to be caused by Lassa fever given the clinical and epidemiological resemblance of the presentation to Lassa fever.
  • Administration of ribavirin for the treatment of Lassa fever was first introduced by Joe McCormick in 1979.
  • Lassa fever is uncommon outside West Africa. Only 6 patients with Lassa fever have historically been hospitalized in USA (all 6 patients had recently traveled to West Africa). The most recent case of Lassa fever in USA was reported in May 2015.
Year of import Clinical features From To
1969 Fever, malaise, headache, nausea, sore throat, epigastric/right upper quadrant tenderness, pleural effusion, facial/cervical edema, dysphagia, elevated transaminases, cough, dyspnea, pulmonary infiltrates, epiglottal edema, lethargy, nystagmus, lightheadedness, dizziness without vertigo, ataxia, alopecia Nigeria New York
1975 Abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, conjunctival injection, lymphadenopathy, weight loss, pleuritic chest pain, pleural effusion, unilateral deafness Sierra Leone Washington, DC
1976 Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, headache, retroorbital pain, neck/back pain, paresthesias, right ear pain, fever, vertigo, syncope, dysmorphopsias, alopecia, weight loss, ecchymoses, insomnia, depression, hypotension, left-sided facial weakness, right-sided Babinski reflex, Weber test lateralized to the left Sierra Leone Washington, DC
1989 Shaking chills, fever, sore throat, myalgia, headache, dysphagia, bloody diarrhea, elevated transaminases, hypotension, adult respiratory distress syndrome, death Nigeria Chicago, IL
2004 Chills, fever, sore throat, diarrhea, back pain, adult respiratory distress syndrome, death Sierra Leone and Liberia Trenton, New Jersy
2015 Fever, sore throat, tiredness, death Liberia New Jersy

Data from the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, as of May 2015

A physician examining a patient with Lassa fever patient in West Africa in 1977. Image retrieved from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Lassa Fever History[2]

References

  1. ↑ Monath TP (1975). "Lassa fever: review of epidemiology and epizootiology". Bull World Health Organ. 52 (4–6): 577–92. PMC 2366662. PMID 782738.
  2. ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- Lassa fever history".
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