|
|
| (46 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Venous thromboembolism}}
| | #Redirect [[Deep vein thrombosis economy class syndrome]] |
| '''Editors-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.]] '''Associate Editor-In-Chief''': [[User:Ujjwal Rastogi|Ujjwal Rastogi, MBBS]] [mailto:urastogi@perfuse.org]
| |
| ==Overview==
| |
| Venous thromboembolism (VTE) consists of 2 related conditions: 1) deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and 2) pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT occurs when a deep vein is partially or completely blocked by a blood clot, most commonly in the legs. The clot may break off and travel to the vessels in the lung, causing a life-threatening PE.
| |
| | |
| ==Historical Perspective==
| |
| VTE associated with air travel was first described in the early 1950s.<ref name="pmid14944721">{{cite journal |author=WRIGHT HP, OSBORN SB |title=Effect of posture on venous velocity, measured with 24NaCl |journal=Br Heart J |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=325–30 |year=1952 |month=July |pmid=14944721 |pmc=479460 |doi= |url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14944721 |accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref> Previous studies have shown a 2- to 4-fold increased risk of VTE after air travel.<ref name="pmid13119864">{{cite journal |author=HOMANS J |title=Thrombosis of the deep leg veins due to prolonged sitting |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=250 |issue=4 |pages=148–9 |year=1954 |month=January |pmid=13119864 |doi=10.1056/NEJM195401282500404 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM195401282500404?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed |accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| ==Risk Factors==
| |
| The risk of venous thrombosis and air travel was examined in the WRIGHT (World Health Organization Research Into Global Hazards of Travel) project. Several factors have been associated with an increased risk for developing VTE:
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" cellpadding=5
| |
| | '''Risk factors for developing VTE include:'''<ref name="pmid12814980">{{cite journal |author=Anderson FA, Spencer FA |title=Risk factors for venous thromboembolism |journal=Circulation |volume=107 |issue=23 Suppl 1 |pages=I9–16 |year=2003 |month=June |pmid=12814980 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000078469.07362.E6 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12814980 |accessdate=2012-04-18}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | Recent major surgery
| |
| |-
| |
| | Paralytic spinal cord injury
| |
| |-
| |
| | Multiple trauma
| |
| |-
| |
| | Malignancy
| |
| |-
| |
| | Congestive heart failure or respiratory failure
| |
| |-
| |
| | Hormone replacement therapy, oral contraceptive
| |
| |-
| |
| | Previous venous thromboembolism
| |
| |-
| |
| | Inherited hypercoagulable condition
| |
| |-
| |
| | Acquired hypercoagulable condition
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | |
| | Pregnancy
| |
| |-
| |
| | |
| | Age >40 years
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | |
| | Obesity
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | |
| | Immobility
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | |
| | Male
| |
| | |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==Incidence==
| |
| A recent meta-analysis investigating the association between travel and VTE found a 2-fold higher risk for VTE in travelers compared with nontravelers. Significant variability was noted in the outcomes of the studies included in the review. This variability was directly related to the method used to select the comparison group in each study. When studies that used people referred for VTE evaluation as comparisons were excluded from the meta-analysis, the remaining studies showed a 3-fold higher risk of VTE associated with travel. The risk for VTE increased with travel duration. Each 2-hour increase in travel duration resulted in an 18% higher risk for VTE.
| |
| | |
| A retrospective cohort study done with 2,499 healthy Dutch commercial pilots showed the incidence of VTE to be 0.3 per 1,000 person-years.When the data were adjusted for age and sex, the rate was not different from that in the general Dutch population.
| |
| | |
| The second study was among 8,755 employees of several international companies and organizations. The overall incidence of VTE after air travel was 1.4 per 1,000 person-years.
| |
| | |
| ==Reference==
| |
| {{reflist|2}}
| |