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| | __NOTOC__ |
| '''For patient information click [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (patient information)|here]]''' | | '''For patient information click [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (patient information)|here]]''' |
| | {{ADHD}} |
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| {{Infobox_Disease | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{KS}}, {{HW}} |
| | Name = Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (USA)
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| | DiseasesDB = 6158
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| | ICD10 = {{ICD10|F|90||f|90}}
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| | ICD9 = {{ICD9|314.00}}, {{ICD9|314.01}}
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| | OMIM = 143465
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| | MedlinePlus = 001551
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| | eMedicineSubj =
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| {{ADHD}} | |
| '''Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson]], M.S.,M.D. [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org] Phone:617-632-7753; Laura Tommaso, M.D.
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| {{SK}} ADHD | | {{SK}} Adult attention-deficit disorder; AADD; ADD; ADD/ADHD; ADHD; ADHD predominantly hyperactive-impulsive; ADHD predominantly inattentive; hyperactiveness; other specified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; short attention span; unspecified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; hyperkinetic syndrome; ADDH; childhood hyperkinesis |
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| ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder overview|Overview]]== |
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| ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== | | ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder causes|Causes]]== |
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| ==Treatment== | | ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder differential diagnosis|Differentiation Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder from Other Diseases]]== |
| {{main|Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder treatments}}
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| Singularly, stimulant medication is the most efficient and cost effective method of treating ADHD. <ref>Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder http://www.aacap.org/galleries/PracticeParameters/JAACAP_ADHD_2007.pdf</ref> <ref name = "Jensen">{{cite journal | author = Jensen, et al | title = Cost-Effectiveness of ADHD Treatments: Findings from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD | journal = American Journal of Psychiatry | volume = 162 | pages = 1628–1636 (Page:1633) | year = 2005 | pmid = 16135621 | doi = 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1628}} [http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/162/9/1628 Free full text]</ref> Over 200 controlled studies have shown that stimulant medication is an effective way to treat ADHD.<ref name="BarkleyContEd"/><ref>Barkley, Russell A. [http://www.continuingedcourses.net/active/courses/course006.php?PHPSESSID=169b92182fe1584725 Treating Children and Adolescents with ADHD: An Overview of Empirically Based Treatments.] ContinuingEdCourses.Net. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.</ref> Methods of treatment usually involve some combination of medications, behaviour modifications, life style changes, and counseling. Behavioral parent training, behavior therapy aimed at parents to help them understand ADHD has also shown short term benefits.<ref>Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder http://www.aacap.org/galleries/PracticeParameters/JAACAP_ADHD_2007.pdf</ref> [[Omega-3 fatty acids]], [[zinc]] and [[magnesium]] may have benefits with regard to ADHD symptoms.<ref name="pmid16190793">{{cite journal |author=Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA |title=Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=619-27 |year=2005 |pmid=16190793 |doi=10.1089/cap.2005.15.619}}</ref><ref name="pmid16962757">{{cite journal |author=Antalis CJ, Stevens LJ, Campbell M, Pazdro R, Ericson K, Burgess JR |title=Omega-3 fatty acid status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder |journal=Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids |volume=75 |issue=4-5 |pages=299-308 |year=2006 |pmid=16962757 |doi=10.1016/j.plefa.2006.07.004}}</ref>
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| [[Comorbid]] disorders or substance abuse can make finding the proper diagnosis and the right overall treatment more costly and time-consuming. Psychosocial therapy is useful in treating some comorbid conditions.<ref>{{cite journal | author =Foster, et al | title = Treatment of ADHD: Is More Complex Treatment Cost-Effective for More Complex Cases? | journal =HSR: Health Services Research | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 165–182 (Page:177) | year = 2007 | pmid = 17355587}}</ref> | | ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
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| ==Prognosis== | | ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| The diagnosis of ADHD implies an impairment in life functioning. Many adverse life outcomes are associated with ADHD.
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| During the elementary years an ADHD student will have more difficulties with work completion, productivity, planning, remembering things needed for school, and meeting deadlines. Oppositional and socially aggressive behavior is seen in 40-70 percent of children at this age. Even ADHD kids with average to above average intelligence show "chronic and severe under achievement". Fully 46% of those with ADHD have been suspended and 11% expelled.<ref>U.S. Department of Education [http://www.ed.gov/rschstat/research/pubs/adhd/adhd-identifying_pg4.html "How Does ADHD Affect School Performance?"], 2007</ref> Thirty seven percent of those with ADHD do not get a high school diploma even though many of them will receive special education services.<ref name="BarkleyContEd"/> The combined outcomes of the expulsion and dropout rates indicate that almost half of all ADHD students never finish highschool.<ref>{{PDFlink|http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/22/94/d6.pdf}}</ref> Only five percent of those with ADHD will get a college degree compared to twenty seven percent of the general population. ([[United States Census|US Census]], 2003)
| | ==[[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
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| ==See also== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| '''General'''
| | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnostic criteria|Diagnostic Criteria]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder rating scales for diagnosis|Rating scales for diagnosis]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder other imaging findings|Imaging Findings]] |
| * [[Adult attention-deficit disorder]]
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| * [[Developmental disability]]
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| * [[Educational psychology]]
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| * [[Sluggish cognitive tempo]]
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| '''Controversy'''
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| * [[Chemical imbalance]]
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| * [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies]]
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| '''Related disorders'''
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| * [[Auditory processing disorder]]
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| * [[Sensory integration disorder]]
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| * [[Oppositional defiant disorder|ODD]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| *National Institute of Health
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| http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001551.htm
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| *Hartmann,Thom "Attention Deficit Disorder, A Different Perception" subtitled "A Hunter in a Farmers World".
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| *Barkley, Russell A. ''Take Charge of ADHD: The Complete Authoritative Guide for Parents'' (2005) New York: Guilford Publications.
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| *Bellak L, Kay SR, Opler LA. (1987) "Attention deficit disorder psychosis as a diagnostic category". ''Psychiatric Developments'', 5 (3), 239-63. PMID 3454965
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| *Conrad, Peter ''Identifying Hyperactive Children'' (Ashgate, 2006).
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| *Green, Christopher, Kit Chee, ''Understanding ADD''; Doubleday 1994; ISBN 0-86824-587-9
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| *Hanna, Mohab. (2006) ''Making the Connection: A Parent's Guide to Medication in AD/HD'', Washington D.C.: Ladner-Drysdale.
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| *Joseph, J. (2000). "Not in Their Genes: A Critical View of the Genetics of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder", ''Developmental Review'' 20, 539-567.
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| *Kelly, Kate, Peggy Ramundo. (1993) ''You Mean I'm Not Lazy, Stupid or Crazy?! A Self-Help Book for Adults with Attention deficit Disorder''. ISBN 0-684-81531-1
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| *Matlen, Terry. (2005) "Survival Tips for Women with AD/HD". ISBN 1886941599
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| *Ninivaggi, F.J. "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Rethinking Diagnosis and Treatment Implications for Complicated Cases", ''Connecticut Medicine''. September 1999; Vol. 63, No. 9, 515-521. PMID 10531701
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| *[http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/default.htm Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)] at the Center for Disease Control
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| *[http://consensus.nih.gov/1998/1998AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorder110html.htm Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] at NIH
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| *[http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/adhd.cfm National Institute of Mental Health on ADHD]
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| | ==Treatment== |
| | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder combination therapy|Combination Therapy]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder psychotherapy|Psychotherapy]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder brain stimulation therapy|Brain Stimulation Therapy]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder monitoring response to therapy|Monitoring Response to Therapy]] |
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| | {{WS}} |
| {{WH}} | | {{WH}} |
| {{WS}}
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| [[Category:Overview complete]]
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| [[Category:Disease]]
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| [[Category:Psychiatry]] | | [[Category:Psychiatry]] |
| [[Category:Pediatrics]]
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