|
|
| (152 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{familytree/start}}
| | [[Syncope]] is classified into three types: |
| {{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | B01=[[Cyanosis]]}}
| | * [[Cardiac]] |
| {{familytree | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
| | * [[Neurogenic]] |
| {{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | C03 |C02=Central cyanosis|C03=Peripheral cyanosis}}
| | * [[Vasovagal syncope|vasovagal]] |
| {{familytree | | | | | | |!| | |,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | |!| }}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | |!| | G01 | | | G02 | | | G03 | | G04 | | G05 | | G06 | | G07 | | | | D02 |G01=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Hematologic abnormalities:''' <ref name="pmid29439874">{{cite journal |vauthors=Martínez de Zabarte Fernández JM, García Íñiguez JP, Domínguez Cajal M |title=Metahemoglobinemia in infants over one year |journal=Med Clin (Barc) |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=February 2018 |pmid=29439874 |doi=10.1016/j.medcli.2017.12.009 |url=}}</ref><br>
| |
| ❑ [[Methemoglobinemia]] (congenital or acquired)<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Sulfhemoglobinemia]] (acquired)<br>
| |
| ❑ Hemoglobin mutations with low oxygen affinity:<br>
| |
| :❑ Hb Kansas<br>
| |
| :❑ Hb Beth israel<br>
| |
| :❑ Hb Saint Mande<br>
| |
| :❑ Hb Bruxells<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Polycythemia vera]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]<br>'''Metabolic disorders:'''<br>
| |
| ❑ Severe [[hypoglycemia]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Inborn error of metabolism|Inborn errors of metabolism]]<br>'''Miscellaneous''': <br>
| |
| ❑ [[:Category:Drugs|Drugs]] and [[Chemical substance|chemicals]]: <ref name="pmid29171648">{{cite journal |vauthors=Günal E, Akkuş Y, Çığşar G, Çiftçi H, Kahramanca Ş, Özdemir M |title=Methemoglobinemia incidence after the application of lidocaine for small surgical procedures |journal=Agri |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=173–176 |date=October 2017 |pmid=29171648 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15249969">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hilbert P, Zur Nieden K |title=[Suicidal fatal beta-blocker intoxication] |language=German |journal=Anaesthesist |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=826–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15249969 |doi=10.1007/s00101-004-0721-1 |url=}}</ref> <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Beta blockers]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Nitrite]] or nitrate-containing compounds (eg, [[nitroglycerin]]) <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Dapsone]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Sulfonamides]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Benzocaine]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Chloroquine]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Heroin]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Venomous [[snakebites]] <ref name="pmid25866646">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hifumi T, Sakai A, Kondo Y, Yamamoto A, Morine N, Ato M, Shibayama K, Umezawa K, Kiriu N, Kato H, Koido Y, Inoue J, Kawakita K, Kuroda Y |title=Venomous snake bites: clinical diagnosis and treatment |journal=J Intensive Care |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=16 |date= 2015 |pmid=25866646 |pmc=4393627 |doi=10.1186/s40560-015-0081-8 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| ❑ Brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) <ref name="pmid28722926">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Virji M |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722926 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Altitude sickness|High altitude]] <ref name="pmid28613569">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jensen JD, Vincent AL |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28613569 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Congenital diaphragmatic hernia]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Cirrhosis of liver]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Drowning]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Chocking <br>
| |
| ❑ Hanging <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Hypothermia]]<br>|G02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Hypoventilation:''': <br>'''Upper airway obstruction:''' <ref name="pmid29261942">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gossman WG, Burns B |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=29261942 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14620600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zoorob RJ, Campbell JS |title=Acute dyspnea in the office |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=1803–10 |date=November 2003 |pmid=14620600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| ❑ [[Foreign body aspiration]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Pertussis]] / [[Croup]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Epiglottitis]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Tracheitis|Bacterial tracheitis]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Traumatic disruption (thermal injury, fractures) <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Acute chest syndrome]] <ref name="pmid29279787">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jain S, Bakshi N, Krishnamurti L |title=Acute Chest Syndrome in Children with Sickle Cell Disease |journal=Pediatr Allergy Immunol Pulmonol |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=191–201 |date=December 2017 |pmid=29279787 |pmc=5733742 |doi=10.1089/ped.2017.0814 |url=}}</ref>
| |
| ❑ Congenital airway abnormalities: <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Choanal atresia]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Laryngotracheomalacia]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Macroglossia]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Micrognathia]] or [[Retrognathism|retrognathia]] (eg, Pierre-Robin syndrome) <br>
| |
| '''Neurologic abnormalities:''' <ref name="pmid28722923">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Dulebohn SC |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722923 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28722998">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kondamudi NP, Wilt AS |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722998 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28722938">{{cite journal |vauthors=Memon J, Manganaro SN |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=28722938 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <br>
| |
| ❑ [[CNS depression]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Birth asphyxia]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Severe head trauma <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Apnea of prematurity]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Obstructive sleep apnea]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Infections (eg, [[meningitis]], [[encephalitis]]) <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Intraventricular hemorrhage]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Seizure|Seizures]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Cyanotic breath holding spells <ref name="pmid28555179">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergeron M, Cohen AP, Cotton RT |title=The Management of Cyanotic Spells in Children with Oesophageal Atresia |journal=Front Pediatr |volume=5 |issue= |pages=106 |date= 2017 |pmid=28555179 |pmc=5430373 |doi=10.3389/fped.2017.00106 |url=}}</ref> <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Coma]] <br>
| |
| '''Neuromuscular disorders:''' <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Myasthenia gravis]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Injury to the phrenic nerve <br>
| |
| ❑ Type 1 spinal muscular dystrophy (Wernig-Hoffman disease)|G03=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;">'''Vascular causes''': <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Cardiac tamponade]] <br>
| |
| ❑ '''Cyanotic congenital heart diseases (Right to left shunts):''' <ref name="pmid16199347">{{cite journal |vauthors=Woods WA, McCulloch MA |title=Cardiovascular emergencies in the pediatric patient |journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=1233–49 |date=November 2005 |pmid=16199347 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2005.07.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2407997">{{cite journal |vauthors=Driscoll DJ |title=Evaluation of the cyanotic newborn |journal=Pediatr. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |date=February 1990 |pmid=2407997 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19144126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailliard F, Anderson RH |title=Tetralogy of Fallot |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=4 |issue= |pages=2 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19144126 |pmc=2651859 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-4-2 |url=}}</ref><br>
| |
| :❑ '''Decreased pulmonary flow:'''<br>
| |
| ::❑ [[Tetralogy of Fallot|Tetralogy of fallout]] <ref name="pmid19144126">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bailliard F, Anderson RH |title=Tetralogy of Fallot |journal=Orphanet J Rare Dis |volume=4 |issue= |pages=2 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19144126 |pmc=2651859 |doi=10.1186/1750-1172-4-2 |url=}}</ref><br>
| |
| ::❑ Tricuspid valve anomalies:<br>
| |
| :::❑ [[Tricuspid atresia]]<br>
| |
| :::❑ [[Tricuspid stenosis]]<br>
| |
| :::❑ [[Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve|Ebstein's anomaly]]<br>
| |
| ::❑ [[Pulmonary valve stenosis|Pulmonary stenosis]] (critical valvular)<br>
| |
| ::❑ [[Pulmonary atresia]] with intact ventricular septum<br>
| |
| :❑ '''Increased pulmonary flow:'''<br>
| |
| ::❑ [[TGA]] (Transposition of great arteries, most common dextro type)<br>
| |
| ::❑ [[Truncus arteriosus]]<br>
| |
| ::❑ [[Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection|TAPVC]] (Total anamalous pulmonary venous connection)<br>
| |
| :❑ '''Heart failure:''' Condition that present with cyanosis and severe heart failure include:<br>
| |
| ::❑ Left sided obstructive lesion ([[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome|HLHS]])<br>
| |
| ::❑ [[Aortic coarctation|Coarctation of aorta]]<br>
| |
| ::❑ Critical valvular [[aortic stenosis]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Eisenmenger's syndrome|Eisenmenger syndrome]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Congestive heart failure]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Atrial septal defect]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Pulmonary hypertension]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Pulmonary edema]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Pulmonary embolism]]<br>
| |
| ❑ Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations<br>
| |
| ❑ Multiple small intrapulmonary shunts<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Shock]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Sepsis]]<br>
| |
| ❑ [[Amniotic fluid embolism]] <ref name="pmid27275041">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kaur K, Bhardwaj M, Kumar P, Singhal S, Singh T, Hooda S |title=Amniotic fluid embolism |journal=J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=153–9 |date= 2016 |pmid=27275041 |pmc=4874066 |doi=10.4103/0970-9185.173356 |url=}}</ref>|G04=|Go5=|D02=<div style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 12em; padding:1em;"> '''Causes:''' <ref name="pmid27899893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fardoun MM, Nassif J, Issa K, Baydoun E, Eid AH |title=Raynaud's Phenomenon: A Brief Review of the Underlying Mechanisms |journal=Front Pharmacol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=438 |date= 2016 |pmid=27899893 |pmc=5110514 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2016.00438 |url= |author=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24249890">{{cite journal |vauthors=Das S, Maiti A |title=Acrocyanosis: an overview |journal=Indian J Dermatol |volume=58 |issue=6 |pages=417–20 |date=November 2013 |pmid=24249890 |pmc=3827510 |doi=10.4103/0019-5154.119946 |url= |author=}}</ref> <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Hypothermia|Cold exposure]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Acrocyanosis]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Erythrocyanosis]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Raynaud's phenomenon]] <br>
| |
| ❑ [[Raynaud's disease]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Arterial obstruction: <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Peripheral arterial disease|Peripheral vascular disease]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Buergers disease]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Venous obstruction: <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Thromboembolism]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Deep vein thrombosis]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Superior vena cava syndrome]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Decreased cardiac output: <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Congestive heart failure|Left sided heart failure]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Shock]] <br>
| |
| :❑ [[Hypovolemia]] <br>
| |
| ❑ Redistribution of blood flow from extremities <br> </div>}}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | D01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |D01=Pseudocyanosis}}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
| |
| {{familytree | | | E03 |-|+|-| E01 | | | | | | | | | | |E01=Extensive tattoos|E03=Metals}}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
| |
| {{familytree | | | F02 |-|+|-| F01 | | | | | | | | | | | |F02=Drugs|F01=Pigmentary lesions}}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
| |
| {{familytree | | | | | | G01 | | | | | | | | | | | | |B02=|G01=Consumption of dyed food}}
| |
| {{familytree/end}}
| |
| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| |