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__NOTOC__
{{Amnesia}}
{{Amnesia}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ZMalik}}


{{CMG}} ;{{AOEIC}}{{ADI}}
==Overview==
[[Patients]] with amnesia may have variable [[general appearance]] depending on the underlying cause of [[memory]] loss. Amnesia is largely a clinical [[diagnosis]]. Focal [[examination]] including [[vital signs]], [[altered mental status]], [[mini mental status exam]] ([[MMSE]]), [[Glasgow Coma Scale]], [[nystagmus]], [[papilledema]], [[gait]], [[instruments of daily activities]] should be assessed.
 
==Physical Examination==
[[Patients]] with amnesia may have variable general appearance depending on the underlying cause of [[memory]] loss.
 
===Appearance of the Patient===
*Patients with [[memory]] loss could appear completely normal or may present with [[cognitive impairment]], [[signs]] of [[head]] [[trauma]], [[alcohol]] [[abuse]].
 
===Vital Signs===
*It is crucial to assess [[vital signs]] repeatedly and compare [[Glasgow Coma Scale]] scores in intervals for patients with recent history of [[head]] [[trauma]] with or without [[loss of consciousness]].<ref name="pmid20393093">{{cite journal| author=Levine Z| title=Mild traumatic brain injury: part 1: determining the need to scan. | journal=Can Fam Physician | year= 2010 | volume= 56 | issue= 4 | pages= 346-9 | pmid=20393093 | doi= | pmc=2860826 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20393093  }} </ref>
*[[Vital Signs]] should include assessment of [[heart rate]], [[blood pressure]], [[oxygen saturation]], and temperature.
 
===Skin===
* [[Skin]] [[examination]] of [[patients]] with [[memory]] loss is usually normal, [[signs]] of [[head]] [[trauma]] should be assessed.
 
===HEENT===
*HEENT [[examination]] of [[patients]] with amnesia is usually normal. [[Abnormalities]] to be observed includes:
**Evidence of [[trauma]]
**[[Nystagmus]] in [[Korsakoff's syndrome]]<ref name="pmid6853227">{{cite journal| author=Probst R| title=[Neuro-otologic findings in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]. | journal=HNO | year= 1983 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 123-7 | pmid=6853227 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6853227  }} </ref>
**[[Ophthalmoscope]] [[examination]] may be [[abnormal]] with findings of [[papilledema]] in case of [[head]] [[trauma]].<ref name="pmid28539794">{{cite journal| author=Rigi M, Almarzouqi SJ, Morgan ML, Lee AG| title=Papilledema: epidemiology, etiology, and clinical management. | journal=Eye Brain | year= 2015 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 47-57 | pmid=28539794 | doi=10.2147/EB.S69174 | pmc=5398730 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28539794  }} </ref>
 
===Neck===
*[[Neck]] [[examination]] of [[patients]] with amnesia is usually normal.


==Overview==
===Lungs===
Physical examination helps in getting clues about the cause and prognosis of the condition.
* [[Pulmonary]] [[examination]] of [[patients]] with amnesia is usually normal.
 
===Heart===
* [[Cardiovascular]] [[examination]] of [[patients]] with amnesia is usually normal.
 
===Abdomen===
* [[Abdominal]] [[examination]] of [[patients]] with amnesia is usually normal.
 
===Back===
* [[Back]] [[examination]] of [[patients]] with amnesia is usually normal.
 
===Genitourinary===
* [[Genitourinary]] [[examination]] of [[patients]] with amnesia is usually normal.
 
===Neuromuscular===
* [[Neuromuscular]] [[examination]] of [[patients]] with amnesia depends on the underlying cause.
*[[Patient's]] orientation to persons, place, and time should be determined.
*[[Altered mental status]]
*[[Glasgow coma scale]]
*[[Mini-Mental Status Examination]] ([[MMSE]])<ref name="pmid30135715">{{cite journal| author=Weller J, Budson A| title=Current understanding of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment. | journal=F1000Res | year= 2018 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30135715 | doi=10.12688/f1000research.14506.1 | pmc=6073093 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30135715  }} </ref>
*Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)
*Instruments of Activities of Daily Living (IADL)
*[[Muscle]] rigidity, abnormal [[gait]]


==Physical examination==
===Extremities===
The physical examination includes a detailed test of thinking and memory (mental status or neurocognitive test), and an examination of the nervous system. Recent, intermediate, and long-term memory should be tested.
* [[Extremities]] [[examination]] of [[patients]] with amnesia is usually normal.


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Mature chapter]]
[[Category:Memory disorders]]
[[Category:Needs content]]


{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Grammar]]

Latest revision as of 02:55, 25 March 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Patients with amnesia may have variable general appearance depending on the underlying cause of memory loss. Amnesia is largely a clinical diagnosis. Focal examination including vital signs, altered mental status, mini mental status exam (MMSE), Glasgow Coma Scale, nystagmus, papilledema, gait, instruments of daily activities should be assessed.

Physical Examination

Patients with amnesia may have variable general appearance depending on the underlying cause of memory loss.

Appearance of the Patient

Vital Signs

Skin

HEENT

Neck

Lungs

Heart

Abdomen

Back

Genitourinary

Neuromuscular

Extremities

References

  1. ↑ Levine Z (2010). "Mild traumatic brain injury: part 1: determining the need to scan". Can Fam Physician. 56 (4): 346–9. PMC 2860826. PMID 20393093.
  2. ↑ Probst R (1983). "[Neuro-otologic findings in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]". HNO. 31 (4): 123–7. PMID 6853227.
  3. ↑ Rigi M, Almarzouqi SJ, Morgan ML, Lee AG (2015). "Papilledema: epidemiology, etiology, and clinical management". Eye Brain. 7: 47–57. doi:10.2147/EB.S69174. PMC 5398730. PMID 28539794.
  4. ↑ Weller J, Budson A (2018). "Current understanding of Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and treatment". F1000Res. 7. doi:10.12688/f1000research.14506.1. PMC 6073093. PMID 30135715.

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