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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Rubella}} | {{Rubella}} | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AKI}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The clinical picture resembling rubella was described for the first time in 1814 and its role in causing congenital anomalies was | The clinical picture resembling [[rubella]] was described for the first time in 1814 and its role in causing congenital anomalies was identified in 1942. The [[virus]] was isolated for the first time in 1962 by two independent groups in [[tissue culture]]. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*1814, George Maton, first recognized that a mild illness characterized by rash, | *1814, George Maton, first recognized that a mild illness characterized by [[rash]][[Lymphadenopathy|, lymphadenopathy]], and little or no [[fever]].<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal| author=Cooper LZ| title=The history and medical consequences of rubella. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S2-10 | pmid=3890105 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3890105 }} </ref> | ||
*In 1866, Henry Veale named the disease rubella.<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal| author=Cooper LZ| title=The history and medical consequences of rubella. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S2-10 | pmid=3890105 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3890105 }} </ref> | *In 1866, Henry Veale named the disease [[rubella]].<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal| author=Cooper LZ| title=The history and medical consequences of rubella. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S2-10 | pmid=3890105 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3890105 }} </ref> | ||
*In 1942, Norman Gregg reported the birth defects in a pregnant woman infected with rubella in the first trimester.<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal| author=Cooper LZ| title=The history and medical consequences of rubella. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S2-10 | pmid=3890105 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3890105 }} </ref> | *In 1942, Norman Gregg reported the birth defects in a [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] woman infected with [[rubella]] in the [[first trimester]].<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal| author=Cooper LZ| title=The history and medical consequences of rubella. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S2-10 | pmid=3890105 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3890105 }} </ref> | ||
*Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians in the mid-eighteenth century.<ref name="pmid3535122">{{cite journal| author=Horstmann DM| title=The rubella story, 1881-1985. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1986 | volume= Suppl | issue= | pages= 60-3 | pmid=3535122 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3535122 }} </ref> | *Rubella is also known as [[Rubella|German measles]] because the disease was first described by German physicians in the mid-eighteenth century.<ref name="pmid3535122">{{cite journal| author=Horstmann DM| title=The rubella story, 1881-1985. | journal=S Afr Med J | year= 1986 | volume= Suppl | issue= | pages= 60-3 | pmid=3535122 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3535122 }} </ref> | ||
*In 1962, rubella virus was isolated in tissue culture.<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal| author=Cooper LZ| title=The history and medical consequences of rubella. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S2-10 | pmid=3890105 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3890105 }} </ref> | *In 1962, [[rubella virus]] was isolated in [[tissue culture]].<ref name="pmid3890105">{{cite journal| author=Cooper LZ| title=The history and medical consequences of rubella. | journal=Rev Infect Dis | year= 1985 | volume= 7 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S2-10 | pmid=3890105 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3890105 }} </ref> | ||
*In 1972, there was an rubella epidemic in | *In 1972, there was an [[rubella]] [[epidemic]] in Israel, affecting 11.8 per thousand [[live birth]]<nowiki/>s.<ref name="pmid23682420">{{cite journal| author=Swartz TA, Praiss I, Isacson M, Nishmi M, Ben-Porath E, Hornstein L| title=Early results of an extensive rubella epidemic. | journal=Int J Epidemiol | year= 1975 | volume= 4 | issue= 4 | pages= 331-5 | pmid=23682420 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23682420 }} </ref><ref name="pmid6662676">{{cite journal| author=Brand N, Legum S, Saunders J, Fogel A| title=Congenital rubella in Israel following the 1978-79 rubella epidemic. | journal=Isr J Med Sci | year= 1983 | volume= 19 | issue= 10 | pages= 925-8 | pmid=6662676 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6662676 }} </ref> | ||
*In May 2012, 194 countries at the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Vaccine Action Plan to eliminate measles and rubella in at least five WHO regions by the end of 2020. 53 member states of the WHO region still did not reach the goal for elimination of rubella to date.<ref name="pmid28412385">{{cite journal| author=Allerberger F| title=Eliminating measles and rubella in Europe. | journal=Clin Microbiol Infect | year= 2017 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=28412385 | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28412385 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4892774">{{cite journal| author=Forbes JA| title=Rubella: historical aspects. | journal=Am J Dis Child | year= 1969 | volume= 118 | issue= 1 | pages= 5-11 | pmid=4892774 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4892774 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5581012">{{cite journal | *In May 2012, 194 countries at the [[World Health Assembly]] adopted the Global Vaccine Action Plan to eliminate [[measles]] and [[rubella]] in at least five [[World Health Organization|WHO]] regions by the end of 2020. 53 member states of the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] region still did not reach the goal for elimination of [[rubella]] to date.<ref name="pmid28412385">{{cite journal| author=Allerberger F| title=Eliminating measles and rubella in Europe. | journal=Clin Microbiol Infect | year= 2017 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=28412385 | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.008 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28412385 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4892774">{{cite journal| author=Forbes JA| title=Rubella: historical aspects. | journal=Am J Dis Child | year= 1969 | volume= 118 | issue= 1 | pages= 5-11 | pmid=4892774 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4892774 }} </ref><ref name="pmid5581012">{{cite journal | ||
|author=Siegel M, Fuerst HT, Guinee VF | |author=Siegel M, Fuerst HT, Guinee VF | ||
|title=Rubella epidemicity and embryopathy. Results of a long-term prospective study | |title=Rubella epidemicity and embryopathy. Results of a long-term prospective study | ||
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|url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0891-3668&volume=20&issue=4&spage=380 | |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0891-3668&volume=20&issue=4&spage=380 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
*Between September 2011 and December 2012, an [[epidemic]] of [[rubella]] infection occurred in Romania affecting 24,627 people.<ref name="pmid27684329">{{cite journal| author=Lazar M, Abernathy E, Chen MH, Icenogle J, Janta D, Stanescu A et al.| title=Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a rubella outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012. | journal=Euro Surveill | year= 2016 | volume= 21 | issue= 38 | pages= | pmid=27684329 | doi=10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.38.30345 | pmc=5073198 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27684329 }} </ref> | |||
===Rubella umbrella campaign=== | ===Rubella umbrella campaign=== | ||
The “rubella umbrella” campaign urged parents to have their children immunized from this viral infection. Rubella, or more commonly referred to as the German measles, is a mild childhood illness that can pose a serious threat to a fetus, if the mother contracts the illness during pregnancy. More than 20,000 babies were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) during an outbreak of rubella in 1964-65. This epidemic cost the country an estimated $1.5 billion. The rubella vaccine was first licensed in the U.S. in 1969. | The “rubella umbrella” campaign urged parents to have their children immunized from this viral infection. [[Rubella]], or more commonly referred to as the [[Rubella|German measles]], is a mild childhood illness that can pose a serious threat to a [[fetus]], if the mother contracts the illness during [[pregnancy]]. More than 20,000 babies were born with [[congenital rubella syndrome]] (CRS) during an outbreak of [[rubella]] in 1964-65. This epidemic cost the country an estimated $1.5 billion. The [[rubella]] [[vaccine]] was first licensed in the U.S. in 1969. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Teratogens]] | [[Category:Teratogens]] | ||
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[[Category:Pediatrics]] | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
[[Category:Togaviruses]] | [[Category:Togaviruses]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency mdicine]] | |||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
[[Category:Infectious disease]] | |||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aravind Kuchkuntla, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
The clinical picture resembling rubella was described for the first time in 1814 and its role in causing congenital anomalies was identified in 1942. The virus was isolated for the first time in 1962 by two independent groups in tissue culture.
Historical Perspective
- 1814, George Maton, first recognized that a mild illness characterized by rash, lymphadenopathy, and little or no fever.[1]
- In 1866, Henry Veale named the disease rubella.[1]
- In 1942, Norman Gregg reported the birth defects in a pregnant woman infected with rubella in the first trimester.[1]
- Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians in the mid-eighteenth century.[2]
- In 1962, rubella virus was isolated in tissue culture.[1]
- In 1972, there was an rubella epidemic in Israel, affecting 11.8 per thousand live births.[3][4]
- In May 2012, 194 countries at the World Health Assembly adopted the Global Vaccine Action Plan to eliminate measles and rubella in at least five WHO regions by the end of 2020. 53 member states of the WHO region still did not reach the goal for elimination of rubella to date.[5][6][7][8][9]
- Between September 2011 and December 2012, an epidemic of rubella infection occurred in Romania affecting 24,627 people.[10]
Rubella umbrella campaign
The “rubella umbrella” campaign urged parents to have their children immunized from this viral infection. Rubella, or more commonly referred to as the German measles, is a mild childhood illness that can pose a serious threat to a fetus, if the mother contracts the illness during pregnancy. More than 20,000 babies were born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) during an outbreak of rubella in 1964-65. This epidemic cost the country an estimated $1.5 billion. The rubella vaccine was first licensed in the U.S. in 1969.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cooper LZ (1985). "The history and medical consequences of rubella". Rev Infect Dis. 7 Suppl 1: S2–10. PMID 3890105.
- ↑ Horstmann DM (1986). "The rubella story, 1881-1985". S Afr Med J. Suppl: 60–3. PMID 3535122.
- ↑ Swartz TA, Praiss I, Isacson M, Nishmi M, Ben-Porath E, Hornstein L (1975). "Early results of an extensive rubella epidemic". Int J Epidemiol. 4 (4): 331–5. PMID 23682420.
- ↑ Brand N, Legum S, Saunders J, Fogel A (1983). "Congenital rubella in Israel following the 1978-79 rubella epidemic". Isr J Med Sci. 19 (10): 925–8. PMID 6662676.
- ↑ Allerberger F (2017). "Eliminating measles and rubella in Europe". Clin Microbiol Infect. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.008. PMID 28412385.
- ↑ Forbes JA (1969). "Rubella: historical aspects". Am J Dis Child. 118 (1): 5–11. PMID 4892774.
- ↑ Siegel M, Fuerst HT, Guinee VF (1971). "Rubella epidemicity and embryopathy. Results of a long-term prospective study". Am. J. Dis. Child. 121 (6): 469–73. PMID 5581012.
- ↑ Shapiro, Lewis (1965). "The Numbered Diseases: First Through Sixth". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 194 (6): 680. doi:10.1001/jama.1965.03090190102038. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ Richardson M, Elliman D, Maguire H, Simpson J, Nicoll A (2001). "Evidence base of incubation periods, periods of infectiousness and exclusion policies for the control of communicable diseases in schools and preschools". Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 20 (4): 380–91. PMID 11332662.
- ↑ Lazar M, Abernathy E, Chen MH, Icenogle J, Janta D, Stanescu A; et al. (2016). "Epidemiological and molecular investigation of a rubella outbreak, Romania, 2011 to 2012". Euro Surveill. 21 (38). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.38.30345. PMC 5073198. PMID 27684329.