Post traumatic stress disorder history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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===Traumatic experiences=== | ===Traumatic experiences=== | ||
{{main|Psychological trauma}} | {{main|Psychological trauma}} | ||
* Childhood [[physical abuse|physical]], [[emotional abuse|emotional]], or [[ | * Childhood [[physical abuse|physical]], [[emotional abuse|emotional]], or [[sexual abuse|sexual abuse]], including prolonged or extreme neglect; also witnessing such abuse inflicted on another child or an adult | ||
* Experiences and interactions that are experienced as psychological "attacks"; for example a continual perception of psychological force, [[ | * Experiences and interactions that are experienced as psychological "attacks"; for example a continual perception of psychological force, invalidation or [[annihilation]]. | ||
* Experiencing (including witnessing) an event perceived as life-threatening, such as: | * Experiencing (including witnessing) an event perceived as life-threatening, such as: | ||
#a serious accident | #a serious accident | ||
#[[Complication (medicine)|medical complications]] or serious illness such as cancer | #[[Complication (medicine)|medical complications]] or serious illness such as cancer | ||
#violent physical | #violent physical assault or witnessing such an event, including [[torture]] | ||
#adult experiences of [[sexual assault]] | #adult experiences of [[sexual assault]] | ||
#warfare, policing and other occupations exposed to violence or disaster | #warfare, policing and other occupations exposed to violence or disaster | ||
#violent, life threatening, natural (or man made) disasters | #violent, life threatening, natural (or man made) disasters | ||
#incarceration | #incarceration | ||
==Symptoms== | |||
Symptoms of [[PTSD]] fall into three main categories: | |||
*Reliving the event, which disturbs day-to-day activity | |||
:*Flashback episodes, where the event seems to be happening again and again | |||
:*Repeated upsetting memories of the event | |||
:*Repeated nightmares of the event | |||
:*Strong, uncomfortable reactions to situations that remind you of the event | |||
*Avoidance | |||
:*Emotional "numbing," or feeling as though you don't care about anything | |||
:*Feeling detached | |||
:*Being unable to remember important aspects of the trauma | |||
:*Having a lack of interest in normal activities | |||
:*Showing less of your moods | |||
:*Avoiding places, people, or thoughts that remind you of the event | |||
:*Feeling like you have no future | |||
*Arousal | |||
:*Difficulty concentrating | |||
:*Startling easily | |||
:*Having an exaggerated response to things that startle you | |||
:*Feeling more aware (hypervigilance) | |||
:*Feeling irritable or having outbursts of anger | |||
:*Having trouble falling or staying asleep | |||
*You might feel guilt about the event (including survivor guilt). You might also have some of the following symptoms, which are typical of [[anxiety]], stress, and tension: | |||
:*[[Agitation (patient information)|Agitation]] or excitability | |||
:*[[Dizziness (patient information)|Dizziness]] | |||
:*Fainting | |||
:*Feeling your heart beat in your chest | |||
:*[[Headache]] | |||
===Diagnostic criteria=== | ===Diagnostic criteria=== | ||
| Line 47: | Line 80: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Abnormal psychology]] | [[Category:Abnormal psychology]] | ||
| Line 55: | Line 90: | ||
[[Category:Traumatology]] | [[Category:Traumatology]] | ||
[[Category:Psychiatry]] | [[Category:Psychiatry]] | ||
Latest revision as of 23:48, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
History
Traumatic experiences
- Childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, including prolonged or extreme neglect; also witnessing such abuse inflicted on another child or an adult
- Experiences and interactions that are experienced as psychological "attacks"; for example a continual perception of psychological force, invalidation or annihilation.
- Experiencing (including witnessing) an event perceived as life-threatening, such as:
- a serious accident
- medical complications or serious illness such as cancer
- violent physical assault or witnessing such an event, including torture
- adult experiences of sexual assault
- warfare, policing and other occupations exposed to violence or disaster
- violent, life threatening, natural (or man made) disasters
- incarceration
Symptoms
Symptoms of PTSD fall into three main categories:
- Reliving the event, which disturbs day-to-day activity
- Flashback episodes, where the event seems to be happening again and again
- Repeated upsetting memories of the event
- Repeated nightmares of the event
- Strong, uncomfortable reactions to situations that remind you of the event
- Avoidance
- Emotional "numbing," or feeling as though you don't care about anything
- Feeling detached
- Being unable to remember important aspects of the trauma
- Having a lack of interest in normal activities
- Showing less of your moods
- Avoiding places, people, or thoughts that remind you of the event
- Feeling like you have no future
- Arousal
- Difficulty concentrating
- Startling easily
- Having an exaggerated response to things that startle you
- Feeling more aware (hypervigilance)
- Feeling irritable or having outbursts of anger
- Having trouble falling or staying asleep
- You might feel guilt about the event (including survivor guilt). You might also have some of the following symptoms, which are typical of anxiety, stress, and tension:
Diagnostic criteria
The diagnostic criteria for PTSD, per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (Text Revision) (DSM-IV-TR), may be summarized as:
- A. Exposure to a traumatic event
- B. Persistent reexperience
- C. Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma
- D. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal (e.g. difficulty falling or staying asleep or hypervigilance)
- E. Duration of symptoms more than 1 month
- F. Significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
Notably, criterion A (the "stressor") consists of two parts, both of which must apply for a diagnosis of PTSD. The first (A1) requires that "the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others." The second (A2) requires that "the person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror." The DSM-IV-TR criterion differs substantially from the previous DSM-III-R stressor criterion, which specified the traumatic event should be of a type that would cause "significant symptoms of distress in almost anyone," and that the event was "outside the range of usual human experience." Since the introduction of DSM-IV, the number of possible PTSD traumas has increased and one study suggests that the increase is around 50%.[1]