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'''For patient information, click [[Insert page name here (patient information)|Insert page name here]]'''
==[[Parathyroid adenoma overview|Overview]]==


{{CMG}}
==[[Parathyroid adenoma historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


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==[[Parathyroid adenoma classification|Classification]]==


== Overview ==
==[[Parathyroid adenoma pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==


==Historical Perspective==
==[[Parathyroid adenoma causes|Causes]]==


==Classification==
==[[Parathyroid adenoma differential diagnosis|Differentiating Vulvar cancer from other Diseases]]==


== Pathophysiology==
==[[Parathyroid adenoma epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
A parathyroid adenoma is a [[adenoma|benign tumor]] of the [[parathyroid gland]]. It generally causes [[hyperparathyroidism]]; there are very few reports of parathyroid adenomas that were not associated with hyperparathyroidism.<ref name=sekine>{{cite journal |author=Sekine O, Hozumi Y, Takemoto N, Kiyozaki H, Yamada S, Konishi F |title=Parathyroid adenoma without hyperparathyroidism |journal=Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=155–8 |date=March 2004  |pmid=15078912 |doi=10.1093/jjco/hyh028}}</ref>


A human being usually has four parathyroid glands located on the back surface of the [[thyroid]] in the neck. The parathyroids secrete [[parathyroid hormone]] (PTH), which increases the concentration of [[calcium]] in the blood by inducing the [[bone]]s to release calcium into the blood and the [[kidney]]s to reabsorb it from the urine into the blood. When a parathyroid adenoma causes hyperparathyroidism, more parathyroid hormone is secreted, causing the calcium concentration of the blood to rise, resulting in [[Hypercalcaemia|hypercalcemia]].<ref name=fel>{{cite journal |author=Felsenfeld AJ, Rodríguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E |title=Dynamics of parathyroid hormone secretion in health and secondary hyperparathyroidism |journal=Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=1283–305 |date=November 2007  |pmid=17942777 |doi=10.2215/CJN.01520407}}</ref>
==[[Parathyroid adenoma risk factors|Risk Factors]]==


=== Genetics ===
==[[Parathyroid adenoma screening|Screening]]==
* Parathyroid adenoma can be associated with overexpression of the [[cyclin D1]] gene.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsi ED, Zukerberg LR, Yang WI, Arnold A |title=Cyclin D1/PRAD1 expression in parathyroid adenomas: an immunohistochemical study |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=1736–9 |date=May 1996  |pmid=8626826 |doi=10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626826}}</ref>


=== Associated Conditions===
==[[Parathyroid adenoma natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural history, complications and prognosis]]==


===Gross Pathology===
==Diagnosis==
 
[[Parathyroid adenoma history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Parathyroid adenoma physical examination|Physical Examination]] [[Parathyroid adenoma CT|CT]] | [[Parathyroid adenoma MRI|MRI]] | [[Parathyroid adenoma other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Parathyroid adenoma other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
===Microscopic Pathology===
 
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
 
===Common Causes===
 
===Causes by Organ System===
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
 
==Differentiating type page name here from other Diseases==
 
== Epidemiology and Demographics ==
===Age===
===Gender===
===Race===
===Developed Countries===
===Developing Countries===
 
== Risk Factors ==
 
== Screening ==
 
== Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
 
== Diagnosis ==  
===Diagnostic Criteria===
If available, the diagnostic criteria are provided here.
 
===History===
A directed history should be obtained to ascertain
 
=== Symptoms ===
"Type symptom here" is pathognomonic of the "type disease name here".
 
"Type non specific symptoms" may be present.
 
===Past Medical History===
 
===Family History===
 
===Social History===
====Occupational====
====Alcohol====
The frequency and amount of alcohol consumption should be characterized.
====Drug Use====
====Smoking====
 
===Allergies===
 
=== Physical Examination ===
 
==== Appearance of the Patient ====
 
====Vital Signs====
 
====Skin====
 
====Head====
 
==== Eyes ====
 
==== Ear ====
 
====Nose====
 
====Mouth====
 
====Throat ====
 
==== Heart ====
 
==== Lungs ====
 
==== Abdomen ====
 
==== Extremities ====
 
==== Neurologic ====
 
====Genitals====
 
==== Other ====
 
=== Laboratory Findings ===
 
==== Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies ====
 
==== Electrocardiogram ====
 
==== Chest X Ray ====
 
====CT ====
 
==== MRI ====
 
==== Echocardiography or Ultrasound ====
 
==== Other Imaging Findings ====
===Imaging Findings===
'''Patient #1'''
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</gallery>
 
'''Patient #2'''
 
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Image:
 
Parathyroid-adenoma-101.jpg
 
Image:
 
Parathyroid-adenoma-102.jpg
 
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=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
 
== Treatment ==
=== Pharmacotherapy ===
 
==== Acute Pharmacotherapies ====
 
==== Chronic Pharmacotherapies ====
 
=== Surgery and Device Based Therapy ===
 
==== Indications for Surgery ====
 
==== Pre-Operative Assessment ====
 
==== Post-Operative Management ====
 
==== Transplantation ====
 
=== Primary Prevention ===
 
=== Secondary Prevention ===
 
=== Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy ===
 
=== Future or Investigational Therapies ===
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Help]]
 
 
 
==Related Chapters==
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]

Latest revision as of 20:23, 26 September 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Musadiq Ali M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Vulvar cancer from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural history, complications and prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination CT | MRI | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies